Capital Punishment Essays (1284 words) - Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution. Capital committing crimes, regarded so heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has risen to an average of 80% according to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled "Death penalty debate centers on Retribution", this figure is slightly lower in Canada where support for the death penalty is at 72% of the population over 18 years of age, as stated in article by Kirk Makir, in the March 26, 1987 edition of the Globe and Mail, titled "B.C. MPs split on Death Penalty". The death penalty deters murder by putting the fear of death into would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to him. Another way the death penalty deters murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill again. Most supporters of the death penalty feel that offenders should be punished for their crimes, and that it does not matter whether it will deter the crime rate. Supporters of the death penalty are in favor of making examples out of offenders, and that the threat of death will be enough to deter the crime rate, but the crime rate is irrelevant. According to Isaac Ehrlich's study, published on April 16, 1976, eight murders are deterred for each execution that is carried out in the U.S.A. He goes on to say, "If one execution of a guilty capital murderer deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is justified." To most supporters of the death penalty, like Ehrlich, if even 1 life is saved, for countless executions of the guilty, it is a good reason for the death penalty. The theory that society engages in murder when executing the guilty, is considered invalid by most supporters, including Ehrlich. He feels that execution of convicted offenders expresses the great value society places on innocent life. Isaac Ehrlich goes on to state that racism is also a point used by death penalty advocates. We will use the U.S. as examples, since we can not look at the inmates on death row in Canada, because their are laws in Canada that state that crime statistics can not be based on race, also the fact that there are no inmates on death row in Canada. In the U.S. 16 out of 1000 whites arrested for murder are sentenced to death, while 12 of 1000 blacks arrested for murder were sentenced to death. 1.1% of black inmates on death row were executed, while 1.7% of white inmates will die. Another cry for racism, as according to Ehrlich, that is raised by advocates of the death penalty is based on the color of the victim, for example "if the victim is white, it is more likely that the offender will get the death penalty than if the victim had been black". This is true, if you look at the actual number of people who are murder. More people kill whites and get the death penalty, then people who kill blacks and get the death penalty. The reason for this is that more whites are killed, and the murders captured. Now if we look at the number of blacks killed it is a lot less, but you have to look at these numbers proportionately. Percent wise it is almost the same number for any race, so this is not the issue. In a 1986 study done by Professor Stephen K. Layson of the University of North Carolina, the conclusions made by Ehrilich were updated, and showed to be a little on the low side as far as the deterrence factor of capital punishment. Professor Layson found that 18 murders were deterred by each execution is the U.S. He also found that executions increase in probability of arrest, conviction, and other executions of heinous offenders. According to a statement issued by George C. Smith, Director of Litigation, Washington Legal Foundation, titled "In Support of the Death Penalty", support for the death penalty has grown in the U.S., as the crime rate increased. In 1966, 42% of Americans were in favor of capital punishment while 47% were opposed to it. Since the crime rate United States has increased, support for

Crash Film Essay Example

Crash Film Essay Example Crash Film Essay Crash Film Essay The principal job of any film should be to please its viewers. To what extent do you agree with this view? 1: Engage: Relationship between Christine and Officer Ryan. Not pleasing, in fact very uncomfortable but demonstrates how people affect each other. Craft: Dialogue – Not you – anyone but you†¦ Close ups on Christine’s face when she’s being abused, close ups on John’s face looking angry then the hand held camera, increasing tension, slow motion, canted angle shots, hero shot Evaluate: This relationship is intense and very angry†¦ viewer left unsatisfied as to how we are supposed to feel about him but this is very intelligent on behalf of the director 2: Engage: Officer Hansen, who has been a sympathetic ‘good’ figure shoots a man because of fear. It is not pleasing but reminds us how quick we are to judge. Craft: Two shot of Ryan and Hansen – the dark and the light (juxtaposition of good and evil) sets us up. Dialogue : When you’ve been in the job for as long as I have you’ll look at things differently. Film structure – flash back, starts off with a death but ends in a murder. We expect one of the bad men to have done it. Evaluate: Director does not please us but shows us that there is a fine line between good and evil and that good men do stupid things. 3: Engage: On the other hand, the relationship between Daniel and his daughter is pleasing. It takes what could otherwise be a very bleak movie and gives it a satisfying edge. We like that he loves her so much. Craft: Dialogue: â€Å"your amigo in there is going to sell our keys to one of his homeys† costume, baggy jeans, tattoos. Symbolism – the invisible cape protecting her is symbolic of his hopes and dreams for his daughter and what he will do to protect her. Evaluate: is pleasing because gives us hope. Even though his life is hard the love he has for his daughter and the fact they magically don’t get shot and killed is like the spoonful of sugar that makes the other home truths more palatable. I do not believe that the principal job of a film is to be pleasing to its audience. While there are genres of films that do this, slapstick male bonding fraternity movies, cookie cutter romantic comedies or slasher flicks, not all films are purely for entertainment and some of the best films are confronting, disturbing or thought provoking: definitely not pleasing. Paul Haggis’ â€Å"Crash† sits somewhere between the two. It stirs up emotions and shows us hard truths about ourselves; the good guy doesn’t necessarily win in the end, but there are elements of careful scripting and sweet storylines that keep the audience happy so as not to alienate them from the message the director is trying to show. The most uncomfortable scene in the movie is when Officers Ryan and Hansen pull over the Thayers on their way home from a night out. Ryan, a character who is made out to be a racist, misogynistic man, takes his own personal frustrations out on Christine (a wealthy black woman) by sexually interfering with her on the side of the road in front of her husband and his partner. Neither Christine nor her husband had done anything to deserve this treatment and her husband just stood and watched, feeling impotent and frightened that if he protested he would be arrested. The emotional fallout from this incident, with Christine justifiably feeling like she had been sacrificed for her husband’s safety and __________ carrying the anger of a man who had to stand helpless while his mate was abused, nearly cost them their marriage and started them thinking about what life is really like for black people. THis interaction between John Ryan and Christine becomes even more upsetting during the climactic, central ‘Crash’ scene when Ryan has to save Christine from a car about to explode. She doesn’t want to be touched by him, even to save her life, which shows him how much of an impact he has had on her life. While Ryan does pull her from the car and risk his life to do so, the audience isn’t given a satisfying resolution for their brief relationship. The scene ends with Ryan on his knees is a pose of supplication while Christine is led off for medical attention. There are looks exchanged between the two but no dialogue that gives us closure. We don’t know if she has forgiven him, if he has realised what he has really done and will change his ways, or if she is now determined to press charges. This lack of resolution is not pleasing to a modern audience as we prefer all our lose ends tied up. There was a lot of intervention by the director in order to show this relationship and also to leave it open ended. From their first meeting we were set up to feel sympathetic to Christine and revile Ryan. While this is familiar and therefore largely pleasing to an audience (to hate the bad guy and feel sorry for the poor abused woman) there is a feeling of having the rug pulled out from underneath you when the relationship isn’t resolved. In the abuse scene the lighting is kept dark and the scene is lit largely by streetlights. This gives an appropriately sombre air. The camera tracks Ryan’s hands as he fondles Christines body, a technique that fills most viewers with uncomfortable revulsion. Luckily the camera pulls away from her body as Ryan gets worse but it then closely focuses on her face as she is entered by him. The expression on her face shows anger, hurt, desperation and fear. The camera then cuts to a close up on Ryan’s face. He just looks angry. The juxtaposition between the two gives the audience a feeling of intruding on a private moment, of being a voyeur who doesn’t want to watch but can’t turn away. We just hope it gets better. That horrible feeling of uncomfortable voyeurism returns in the crash scene when Christine realises it is Ryan that is in the car with her and trying to save her. She panics and even though the camera is at a canted angle and handheld, because we are positioned to see her from Ryan’s point of view we can see the terror on her face. The shock is that the terror is over Ryan, not the prospect of dying. The feeling of displeasure intensifies after Christine and Ryan are out of the car and on their way to safety. We are again positioned from Ryan’s point of view as the camera action slows down and we get a lingering shot of Christine’s face as she is leaning on an ambulance officer. She l ooks hurt and confused. To end the scene there is a ‘hero shot’ of Ryan on his knees. The use of this shot is trying to position us to believe that Ryan is redeemed but the lack of verbal discussion leaves the incident unresolved and unfinished. The director leaves us to make up our own minds about Ryan’s guilt or innocence and this is not a pleasurable feeling – it is thought provoking and open to interpretation. This relationship is a very powerful one but it is not pleasing. The director trusts the audience to come to their own conclusion which is very intelligent on his part but does not make for easy viewing. It is this intense but brief snapshots of people’s foibles and the search into their inner workings that make the film worth viewing but it is uncomfortable when our own prejudices are held up for scrutiny. Ryan’s partner, Hansen is set up to be the opposite of Ryan. Not only does he look like the stereotypical hero, with his blonde hair, impressive physique and big blue eyes (compared to Ryan’s darkness) but he is horrified by Ryan’s actions in the scene where Ryan molests Christine. He is clearly disturbed by this and other incidences of racism that he witnesses and goes to his commanding officer to ask for a transfer to another partner. We, the audience feel for Hansen as he is humiliated by the officer and then is forced to say he has a problem with flatulence in order to get rid of Ryan as his partner. At first viewing, the audience is comforted and pleased that there is such a sympathetic character but this is to be torn down later in the film and then when really analysing Hansen’s actions. At the end of the film we are shown Hansen picking up a black man, Peter, while driving home. This appears to be an act of charity. But as the scene goes on a disag reement erupts between Hansen and Peter and Hansen’s racial prejudices can be seen more clearly. It culminates when Hansen tells Peter to get his hands out of his pockets as Hansen suspects Peter has a gun. Peter doesn’t obey quickly enough so Hansen shoots him dead and then dumps his body on the side of the road. The character that we have felt sympathetic towards and viewed as a genuinely good person is actually a murderer who tries to cover up his crime. This is not pleasant for the viewer but it is thought-provoking and uncomfortable. His actions cause us to examine his previous actions and realise that Hansen is at best a week character and at worst is inherently racist himself. The director uses various film techniques to manipulate the viewer and set us up for an unpleasant but revealing surprise because we have misjudged Hansen so seriously. The most obvious of these techniques is the film structure itself. The film actually starts at the end with the discovery of the dead body of Peter. We know that he has been murdered but do not know who did it. The rest of the film is actually a flashback where we are introduced to various characters and then led to the final conclusions about their guilt and innocence. Because we are lulled into a false sense of security about what type of person would be a killer, we never suspect that Hansen could have it in him. He seems to be such an ‘every man’. This use of flashbacks actually shows us that if you scratch the surface anybody could do the unforgivable. The use of two shots also set us up to revere Hansen. In the scene after Hansen has gotten rid of Ryan as a partner they have a brief confrontation. T here is a two shot of Hansen looking virtuous and relieved to be rid of Ryan while Ryan just looks vicious. Ryan says â€Å"Just wait until you’ve been on the job long enough and you’ll start to see things as they really are.† Hansen appears to take the high road and doesn’t reply. This juxtaposes the two characters and leads us to believe that one is right, one is wrong, and that things are black and white. This initial setting up of a dichotomy is pleasant for the viewer as we understand moral absolutes but when we realise that Hansen is actually the worse of the two then any pleasant feelings are destroyed. We are left to examine our own prejudices. Hansen is not the pleasant character that we first believe. After he shoots Peter, in which initially appears to a terrible misjudgement we are then forced to look at his other actions. He didn’t stop Ryan when he was hurting Christine. He didn’t report Ryan for it. He didn’t stand up for other officers when Ryan was racially abusing them behind their backs. Hansen didn’t do anything to really help anyone else – he only asked for a transfer because he didn’t want to work with Ryan. And in the end he was so quick to suspect Peter that he shot him. When all Peter was going to do was show him his St Christopher. Because Hansen is at first viewing a ‘nice’ character when he actually does something terrible the audience has to re-evaluate what ‘nice’ means and to realise that prejudices are not just on the surface of people – some can hide it better than others. It is not pleasant to have to examine our own positio ning and think about whether we would be any stronger than Hansen: especially when we realise the answer is no. On the other hand if I film is all about confrontation then the danger is that any message will get lost. People tire quickly of being preached at and many look at films as a way to escape for a bit. â€Å"Crash† has characters that we do like and want to succeed in order to keep us interested and happy. The relationship between Daniel and his daughter is very pleasing because it is clear that he loves her so much. We all want to be loved unconditionally and yearn for the affection that is so clear between them. This relationship takes what could otherwise be a bleak movie and gives it more of a feelgood factor. Daniel is the one character that most people like all along. While he appears to be a gangster in the beginning it is extremely quickly established that he is not. We can also feel proud of ourselves as an audience for liking him as he is definitely costumed in a way that is threatening to most people. Daniel wears baggy jeans, hoodies and has visible tattoos that most people would assume to be gang tattoos. He looks like a hood. Jean Cabot treats him like a hood after he changes the locks on her doors. She is a rich snob who judges everyone to be lesser than her and within his hearing she says â€Å"your amigo in there is going to sell our keys to one of his homeys† to her husband. Her prejudices are showing but because it is immediately made clear that she misjudges him, we as the audience feel proud that we can see through the costuming. Daniel has moved his daughter away from an area where there are gangs in order to give her the best life possible. When she is still scare d that bullets may get her he tells her about his invisible cloak that will protect her from all harm. He ceremonially takes the invisible cloak off himself puts the cloak on her and tells her that she is now protected. The cloak is a symbol of not just how much he loves her but that he is wrapping her in the love that they share. It holds them together and makes us feel secure and warm ourselves. The only time his warm relationship and our pleased reaction to it is tested is when Farhad goes to shoot Daniel but because his daughter believes she is invulnerable she throws herself in front of her father to protect him. But again we are left feeling pleased because there is no injury to either of them. This reinforces our faith in the idea that harm shouldn’t come to good people. Even though his life is hard the love he has for his daughter and the fact they magically don’t get shot and killed is like the spoonful of sugar that makes the other home truths more palatable. While movies should not focus merely on pleasing their audience it is true that if a film is in no way pleasing then people will not watch it. Our own lives have enough darkness in them that we need some relief along the way and films should be uplifting in some way. But the flip side is also true. There are films purely for mindless entertainment and they certainly have their place in our world, but film is a medium that can reach so many and show us so much. It is a very powerful medium that combines the pictures meaning more than a thousand words and the dialogue and expression that also takes place in real life. I believe that films should have a meaning and a message if we want to progress as a society and any storylines or characters that are pleasing are only there to make the message more palatable.

Comparative Analysis of Global Consumers (Italy) Essay

Comparative Analysis of Global Consumers (Italy) - Essay Example Today, the USA and Italy are working together on major economic issues. Both countries are the member of G-8. Italy, having a large population and high per capita income is the United States 10th biggest trading partner, with a joint trade of $42.5 billion, with exports to Italy totaling $11.5 and imports from Italy totaling to $31.0 Billion. The US also had a $19.5 Billion shortage with Italy in 2005 which rose up from 17.4 billion in 2004. Major transformations can be seen in this trade nowadays. Products such as, office machinery and aircraft are becoming important US exports to Italy. The US's foreign investment in Italy was $33.3 billion at the end of the year 2004. Two hard years, distinct by a financial slump in Europe and a damaging Euro/ Dollar exchange rate. In 2003, there were the first signs of recovery, which were later confirmed in the year 2004, and it became a solid movement in the early 2005. Once the slump was over the Italian machine tool industry started to run smoothly confirming the positive trends. This was an important sign; first being because of the trend in the machine tool sector, which was a good sign in the interest of the industry as a whole in the new investment sector. This indicator measures business brightness, the development objectives measured are achievable and the motivation to assemble the financial resources by increasing the risk capital. Another reason is the nature of this sector. With a â‚ ¬4 billion turnover and over more than 35000 jobs, this industry is one of the most important in the world along with the United States, Taiwan, Japan and Germany. The major reason of it is because of its size and the percentage of the products exported.

Politics is all about gaining and maintaining power. Do you agree Be Essay

Politics is all about gaining and maintaining power. Do you agree Be sure to provide examples and discuss alternative views - Essay Example This allows the leaders to exercise administrative control of some or all communal resources, together with labor and capital. Maintaining political power has been a reality in many organizations, and while this practice might superficially come out to be wasted time, it is essential in securing resources, development of ideas, achievement of individual goals, and frequently improving one’s status. It is immature to look forward to being able to be detached from managerial politics, since it is the offspring of maintaining political power. Someone might gain respect for doing so, but the development would be limited and regarded as an uncomplicated target. A ruler like Machiavelli practiced politics in such a way that he had to maintain his prowess. Those who yearn for power in any state of affairs may ape his strategies for unyielding aid. In his own words he used to say that a leader "...must stick to the good so long as he can, but, being compelled be necessity, he must be ready to take the way of the evil."(Machiavelli, 63). My objective in this essay is to explore the notion that politics is ent irely about gaining and maintaining power, and by citing potential examples, this would come out clearly. Power can be classified into three forms. Coercive Power: this involves forcing somebody to act in accordance with ones wish. A prison would be a case in point of a coercive organization. Utilitarian Power: this is the power based on a scheme of rewards or penalties. Businesses, which pay increments, promotions, or threats of removal from office, are practically, utilitarian organizations. Normative Power: this is power which rests on the values of the members, and that the organization has a right to manage their actions. A religious organization would be an illustration of a utilitarian organization. Ways in which political enthusiasts acquire possession of such power. At the national level, political authority for political power is seized by the

Sources of noise in transistor

Sources of noise in transistor SOURCE OF NOISE IN TRANSISTOR FOR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION Abstract- Here in this term paper, I am going to discuss the history of the transistors, its importance and its limitations. The term paper is on the sources of noise in transistors for different configurations. HISTORY A replica of the first working transistor. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. On 17 November 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, at ATT Bell Labs, observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. William Shockley saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors and is considered by many to be the father of the transistor. The term was coined by John R. Pierce. IMPORTANCE The transistor is considered by many to be the greatest invention of the twentieth-century, or as one of the greatest. It is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a highly automated process (fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually-packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors produced are in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips) along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year [2002] for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth. The transistors low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.[1] USAGE The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the first transistor invented, and through the 1970s, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters, motor drivers, etc. BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. How a transistor works Amplifier circuit, standard common-emitter configuration. Simple circuit using a transistor. Operation graph of a transistor The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; this is called an amplifier. Or, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit like an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements. The two types of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labelled base, collector and emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The size of this voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power applications such as logic gates. It can be seen from the graph that once the base voltage reaches a certain level, shown at B, the current will no longer increase with increasing VBE and the output will be held at a fixed voltage.[dubious discuss] The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only on and off values are relevant. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER The above common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor and the transistors current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. It is important that the operating parameters of the transistor are chosen and the circuit designed such that as far as possible the transistor operates within a linear portion of the graph, such as that shown between A and B, otherwise the output signal will suffer distortion. Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive. Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and vacuum tubes in the same circuit, as some believe tubes have a distinctive sound.Prior to the development of transistors, vacuum (electron) tubes (or in the UK thermionic valves or just valves) were the main active components in electronic equipment. ADVANTAGES The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are: I. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. II. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. III. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. IV. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. V. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. VI. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. VII. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices produced more than 30 years ago are still in service. VIII. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes. IX. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications. [2] LIMITATIONS I. Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. II. High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum. III. On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity audio reproduction. IV. Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse, such as generated by a nuclear explosion. V. Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc. VI. Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, other types VII. Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) VIII. Maximum power rating: low, medium, high IX. Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for frequency of transition. The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain). X. Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair XI. Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modules XII. Amplification factor hfe (transistor beta) Thus, a particular transistor may be described as: silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base and collector. Two p-n junctions exist inside a BJT: the base/emitter junction and base/collector junction. The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base current. In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is forward biased, and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased base-collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons ent ering the collector can be controlled. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a low-input-impedance device. Also, as the base-emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the base-emitter current and hence the collector-emitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is approximately beta times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors. FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS The field-effect transistor (FET), sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in N-channel FET) or holes (in P-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source inside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description. In FETs, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is increased, the drain-source current (Ids) increases exponentially for Vgs below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (I_{ds} propto (V_{gs}-V_T)^2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the space-charge-limited region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node. For low noise at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous. FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage. Metal-semiconductor FETs (MESFETs) are JFETs in which the reverse biased PN junction is replaced by a metal-semiconductor Schottky-junction. These, and the HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors, or HFETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies; several GHz). Unlike bipolar transistors, FETs do not inherently amplify a photocurrent. Nevertheless, there are ways to use them, especially JFETs, as light-sensitive devices, by exploiting the photocurrents in channel-gate or channel-body junctions. FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can enhance the conduction. For depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can deplete the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode as the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.[3] OTHER TRANSISTORS TYPE I. Point-contact transistor, first type of transistor ever constructed II. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) a. Heterojunction bipolar transistor up to 100s GHz, common in modern ultrafast and RF circuits b. Grown-junction transistor, first type of BJT c. Alloy-junction transistor, improvement of grown-junction transistor i. Micro-alloy transistor (MAT), faster than alloy-junction transistor ii. Micro-alloy diffused transistor (MADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iii. Post-alloy diffused transistor (PADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iv. Schottky transistor v. Surface barrier transistor d. Drift-field transistor e. Avalanche transistor f. Darlington transistors are two BJTs connected together to provide a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors. g. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) use a medium power IGFET, similarly connected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for heavy-duty industrial applications. The Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) 5SNA2400E170100 illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for three-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case measuring 38 by 140 by 190mm and weighing 1.5kg. Each IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes. h. Photo transistor React to light III. Field-effect transistor a. JFET, where the gate is insulated by a reverse-biased PN junction b. MESFET, similar to JFET with a Schottky junction instead of PN one i. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT, HFET, MODFET) c. MOSFET, where the gate is insulated by a thin layer of insulator d. Inverted-T field effect transistor (ITFET) e. FinFET The source/drain region forms fins on the silicon surface. f. FREDFET Fast-Reverse Epitaxial Diode Field-Effect Transistor g. Thin film transistor Used in LCD display. h. OFET Organic Field-Effect Transistor, in which the semiconductor is an organic compound i. Ballistic transistor j. Floating-gate transistor Used for non-volatile storage. k. FETs used to sense environment i. Ion sensitive field effect transistor To measure ion concentrations in solution. ii. EOSFET Electrolyte-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Neurochip) iii. DNAFET Deoxyribonucleic acid field-effect transistor IV. Spacistor V. Diffusion transistor, formed by diffusing dopants into semiconductor substrate; can be both BJT and FET VI. Unijunction transistors can be used as simple pulse generators. They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at each end (terminals Base1 and Base2). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (Emitter). VII. Single-electron transistors (SET) consist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor. VIII. Spin transistor Magnetically-sensitive IX. Nanofluidic transistor Control the movement of ions through sub-microscopic, water-filled channels. Nanofluidic transistor, the basis of future chemical processors X. Multigate devices a. Tetrode transistor b. Pentode transistor c. Multigate device d. Trigate transistors (Prototype by Intel) e. Dual gate FETs have a single channel with two gates in cascode; a configuration that is optimized for high frequency amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators f. Semiconductor material XI. The first BJTs were made from germanium (Ge). Silicon (Si) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the semiconductor alloy silicon germanium (SiGe). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as elemental. Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are given in the table below; it must be noted that these parameters will vary with increase in temperature, electric field, impurity level, strain and various other factors: Semiconductor material characteristics Semiconductormaterial Junction forwardvoltageV @ 25  °C Electron mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Hole mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Max. junction temp. °C Ge 0.27 0.39 0.19 70 to 100 Si 0.71 0.14 0.05 150 to 200 GaAs 1.03 0.85 0.05 150 to 200 Al-Si junction 0.3 — — 150 to 200 The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to drive the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately −2.1 mV/ °C. The density of mobile carriers in the channel of a MOSFET is a function of the electric field forming the channel and of various other phenomena such as the impurity level in the channel. Some impurities, called dopants, are introduced deliberately in making a MOSFET, to control the MOSFET electrical behavior. The electron mobility and hole mobility columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an electric field of 1 volt per meter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide: I. its maximum temperature is limited II. it has relatively high leakage current III. it cannot withstand high voltages IV. it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar NPN transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent PNP transistor type. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12GHz. Max. junction temperature values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged. Al-Si junction refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a Schottky diode. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a parasitic reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process. This diode can be a nuisance, but sometimes it is used in the circuit.[4] Packaging Through-hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimetres) Transistors come in many different packages (chip carriers) (see images). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large transistor arrays). It has solder balls on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating. Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or plastic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to heat sinks for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount microwave transistors are as small as grains of sand. Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistors functions to the terminals is not: different transistor types can assign different functions to the packages terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K)[5]. CONCLUSION A unified noise model which incorporates both the number fluctuation and the correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanism is discussed. The latter is attributed to the Coulombic scattering effect of the fluctuating oxide charge. The model has a functional form resembling that of the number fluctuation theory, but at certain bias conditions it may reduce to a form compatible with Hooges empirical expression. The model can unify the noise data reported in the literature, without making any ad hoc assumption on the noise generation mechanism. Specifically, the model can predict the right magnitude and bias dependence of the empirical Hooge parameter. Simulated noise characteristics obtained with a circuit-simulation-oriented fnoise model based on the new formulation were compared with experimental noise data. Excellent agreement between the calculations and measurement was observed in both the linear and saturation regions for MOS transistors fabricated by different technologies. T he work shows that the flicker noise in MOS transistors can be completely explained by the trap charge fluctuation mechanism, which produces mobile carrier number fluctuation and correlated surface mobility fluctuationIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. REFERENCES- [1]www.ciphersbyritter.com/NOISE/NOISRC.HTM [2]www.nikhef.nl/~jds/vlsi/noise/transistor [3]www.colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/phys3330_fa05/manual/Exp [4]www.imagesensors.org/Past%20Workshops/2003%20Workshop/2003%20Papers/27%20Findlater%20et%20al [5]www.ansoft.com/news/articles/HF0605

Wine History

Brief Exercise 1-3 | | Your answer is correct. | Indicate in which part of the statement of cash flows each item would appear: operating activities, investing activities, or financing activities. (a)| | Operating activities| | Cash received from customers. | | | | | | (b)| | Financing activities| | Cash paid to stockholders (dividends). | | | | | | (c)| | Financing activities| | Cash received from issuing new common stock. | | | | | | (d)| | Operating activities| | Cash paid to suppliers. | | | | | | (e)| | Investing activities| | Cash paid to purchase a new office building. | Brief Exercise 1-6 | Your answer is correct. | Eskimo Pie Corporation markets a broad range of frozen treats, including its famous Eskimo Pie ice cream bars. The following items were taken from a recent income statement and balance sheet. In each case, identify whether the item would appear on the balance sheet or income statement. (a)| | Income Statement| | Income tax expense| | | | | | (b)| | Balance Sheet| | Inventories| | | | | | (c)| | Balance Sheet| | Accounts payable| | | | | | (d)| | Balance Sheet| | Retained earnings| | | | | | (e)| | Balance Sheet| | Property, plant, and equipment| | | | | | f)| | Income Statement| | Net sales| | | | | | (g)| | Income Statement| | Cost of goods sold| | | | | | (h)| | Balance Sheet| | Common stock| | | | | | (i)| | Balance Sheet| | Receivables| | | | | | (j)| | Income Statement| | Interest expense| Brief Exercise 1-7 | | Your answer is correct. | Indicate which statement you would examine to find each of the following items: income statement, balance sheet, retained earnings statement, or statement of cash flows. (a)| | Income statement| | Revenue during the period. | | | | | | (b)| | Balance sheet| | Supplies on hand at the end of the year. | | | | | | c)| | Statement of cash flows| | Cash received from issuing new bonds during the period. | | | | | | (d)| | Balance sheet| | Total debts outstanding at the end of the period. | | | | Brief Exercis e 1-10 | | Your answer is correct. | Indicate whether each of these items is an asset, a liability, or part of stockholders’ equity. (a)| | Asset| | Accounts receivable| | | | | | (b)| | Liability| | Salaries and wages payable| | | | | | (c)| | Asset| | Equipment| | | | | | (d)| | Asset| | Supplies| | | | | | (e)| | Stockholders’ Equity| | Common stock| | | | | | (f)| | Liability| | Notes payable| | Exercise 1-3 | | Your answer is correct. The Fair View Golf & Country Club details the following accounts in its financial statements. (a) Classify each of the following accounts as an asset, liability, stockholders’ equity, revenue, or expense item. (b) Classify each of the following accounts as a financing activity, investing activity, or operating activity. | | (a)| | (b)| Accounts payable| | Liability| | Operating activity| | | | | | Accounts receivable| | Asset| | Operating activity| | | | | | Equipment| | Asset| | Investing activity| | | | | | Sales revenue| | Revenue| | Operating activity| | | | | | Service revenue| | Revenue| | Operating activity| | | | | Inventory| | Asset| | Operating activity| | | | | | Mortgage payable| | Liability| | Financing activity| | | | | | Supplies expense| | Expense| | Operating activity| | | | | | Rent expense| | Expense| | Operating activity| | | | | | Salaries and wages expense| | Expense| | Operating activity| Exercise 1-4 | This information relates to Alexis Co. for the year 2012. Retained earnings, January 1, 2012| | $91,582| Advertising expense| | 2,460| Dividends paid during 2012| | 8,201| Rent expense| | 14,216| Service revenue| | 79,280| Utilities expense| | 3,281| Salaries and wages expense| | 41,007| | | | | | | *(a1) | Your answer is correct. | After analyzing the data, prepare an income statement for the year ending December 31, 2012. ALEXIS CO. Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2012| Revenues| | | | | $ 79280 | Expenses| | | | $ 2460 | | | 14216 | | | 3281 | | | 41007 | | Total Expenses| | 60964 | Net Income / (Loss)| | $ 18316 | | | Attempts: 1 of 5 used | | | | | | *(a2) | | Your answer is correct. | After analyzing the data, prepare a retained earnings statement for the year ending December 31, 2012. (List items that increase retained earnings first. ) ALEXIS CO. Retained Earnings Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2012|Retained Earnings, January 1| $ 91582 | Add: Net Income / (Loss)| 18316 | | 109898 | Less: Dividends| 8201 | Retained Earnings, December 31| $ 101697 | | Exercise 1-6 | Presented here is information for Packee Inc. for 2012. Retained earnings, January 1| | $132,821| Revenue from legal services| | 408,680| Total expenses| | 178,798| Dividends| | 66,411| | | | | | | *(a1) | | Your answer is correct. | Calculate the net income. $ 229882 | | Attempts: 1 of 5 used | | | | | | *(a2) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare the 2012 retained earnings statement for Packee Inc. (List items that increase retained earnings first. ) PACKEE INC. Retained Earnings Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2012| Retained Earnings, January 1| $ 132821 | Add: Net Income / (Loss)| 229882 | | 362703 | Less: Dividends| $ 66411 | Retained Earnings, December 31| $ 296292 | | Exercise 1-10 | Deer Track Park is a private camping ground near the Lathom Peak Recreation Area. It has compiled the following financial information as of December 31, 2012. Revenues during 2012: camping fees| | $162,796| | Dividends| | $11,101| Revenues during 2012: general store| | 30,833| | Notes payable| | 61,665| Accounts payable| | 13,566| | Expenses during 2012| | 155,396| Cash| | 10,483| | Supplies| | 6,783|Equipment| | 140,596| | Common stock| | 49,332| | | | | Retained earnings (1/1/2012)| | 6,167| | | | | | | *(a) | | Your answer is correct. | Determine Deer Track Park’s net income for 2012. Deer Track Park’s net income for 2012| | $ 38233 | | | Attempts: 1 of 5 used | | | | | | *(b1) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare a retained ear nings statement for Deer Track Park year ended December 31, 2012. (List items that increase retained earnings first. ) DEER TRACK PARK Retained Earnings Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2012| Retained Earnings, January 1| $ 6167 | Add: Net Income / (Loss)| 38233 | | 44400 |Less: Dividends| 11101 | Retained Earnings, December 31| $ 33299 | | | Attempts: 1 of 5 used | | | | | | *(b2) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare a balance sheet for Deer Track Park as of December 31, 2012. (List assets in order of liquidity. ) DEER TRACK PARK Balance Sheet December 31, 2012| Assets| | | | | | $ 10483 | | | | | | | 6783 | | | | | | | 140596 | | Total Assets| | | | | $ 157862 | | Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity| Liabilities| | | | | | | | | | $ 13,566 | | | | | | | 61,665 | | | | Total Liabilities| | | | | $ 75231 | | Stockholders' Equity| | | | | | | | | | 49332 | | | | | | | 33299 | | | |Total Stockholders' Equity| | | | | 82631 | | Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity| | | | | $ 157862 | | | Exercise 1-12 | This information is for O’Brien Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2012. Cash received from lenders| | $18,100| Cash received from customers| | 45,610| Cash paid for new equipment| | 29,940| Cash dividends paid| | 6,100| Cash paid to suppliers| | 15,220| Cash balance 1/1/12| | 11,190| | | | | | | *(a) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare the 2012 statement of cash flows for O’Brien Corporation. (List negative amounts either with a negative sign preceding the number e. . -15,000 or in parenthesis e. g. (15,000). ) O’BRIEN CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2012| Cash flows from operating activities| | | Cash received from customers| $ 45610 | | Cash paid to suppliers| (15220) | | Net cash provided by operating activities| | $ 30390 | | | | Cash flows from investing activities| | | Cash paid for new equipment| (29940) | | Net cash used by investing activities| | (29940) | | | | Cash flo ws from financing activities| | | Cash received from lenders| 18100 | | Cash dividends paid| (6100) | | Net cash provided by financing activities| | 12000 |Net increase in cash| | 12450 | Cash at beginning of period| | 11190 | Cash at end of period| | $ 23640 | | Exercise 1-13 | The following data are derived from the 2009 financial statements of Southwest Airlines. All dollars are in millions. Southwest has a December 31 year-end. Cash balance, January 1, 2009| | $1,390| Cash paid for repayment of debt| | 122| Cash received from issuance of common stock| | 144| Cash received from issuance of long-term debt| | 500| Cash received from customers| | 9,823| Cash paid for property and equipment| | 1,529| Cash paid for dividends| | 14| Cash paid for repurchase of common stock| | 1,001|Cash paid for goods and services| | 6,978| | | | | | | (a) | | Your answer is correct. | After analyzing the data, prepare a statement of cash flows for Southwest Airlines for the year ended December 31, 200 9. (List negative amounts either with a negative sign preceding the number e. g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e. g. (15,000). ) SOUTHWEST AIRLINES Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2009 (in millions)| Cash flows from operating activities| | | Cash received from customers| $ 9823 | | Cash paid for goods and services| (6978) | | Net cash provided by operating activities| | $ 2845 | | | Cash flows from investing activities| | | Cash paid for property and equipment| (1529) | | Net cash used by investing activities| | (1529) | | | | Cash flows from financing activities| | | Cash received from issuance of common stock| 144 | | Cash received from issuance of long-term debt| 500 | | Cash paid for repayment of debt| (122) | | Cash paid for repurchase of common stock| (1001) | | Cash paid for dividends| (14) | | Net cash used by financing activities| | (493) | Net increase in cash| | 823 | Cash at beginning of period| | 1390 | Cash at end of period| | $ 2213 | | Problem 1-3 A On June 1, Beardsley Service Co. was started with an initial investment in the company of $22,450 cash. Here are the assets and liabilities of the company at June 30, and the revenues and expenses for the month of June, its first month of operations: Cash| | $ 5,362| | Notes payable| | $13,524| Accounts receivable| | 4,257| | Accounts payable| | 757| Service revenue| | 8,262| | Supplies expense| | 1,015| Supplies| | 2,385| | Maintenance and repairs expense| | 615| Advertising expense| | 400| | Utilities expense| | 285| Equipment| | 26,762| | Salaries and wages expense| | 2,162|In June, the company issued no additional stock, but paid dividends of $1,750. | | | | | | *(a1) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare an income statement for the month of June. BEARDSLEY SERVICE CO. Income Statement For the Month Ended June 30, 2012| Revenues| | | | | $ 8262 | Expenses| | | | $ 1015 | | | 285 | | | 2162 | | | 400 | | | 615 | | Total Expenses| | 4477 | Net Income / (Loss)| | $ 3785 | | | Att empts: 2 of 5 used | | | | | | *(a2) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare a retained earnings statement for the month of June. (List items that increase retained earnings first. BEARDSLEY SERVICE CO. Retained Earnings Statement For the Month Ended June 30, 2012| Retained Earnings, June 1| $ 0 | Add: Net Income / (Loss)| 3785 | | 3785 | Less: Dividends| 1750 | Retained Earnings, June 30| $ 2035 | | | Attempts: 3 of 5 used | | | | | | *(a3) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare a balance sheet at June 30, 2012. (List assets in order of liquidity. ) BEARDSLEY SERVICE CO. Balance Sheet June 30, 2012| Assets| | | | | | $ 5362 | | | | | | | 4257 | | | | | | | 2385 | | | | | | | 26762 | | Total Assets| | | | | $ 38766 | | Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity|Liabilities| | | | | | | | | | $ 13524 | | | | | | | 757 | | | | Total Liabilities| | | | | $ 14281 | | Stockholders' Equity| | | | | | | | | | 22450 | | | | | | | 2035 | | | | Total Stockholders' Equity| | | | | 24485 | | Total Liabi lities and Stockholders' Equity| | | | | $ 38766 | | | Problem 1-4A | Presented below is selected financial information for Yvonne Corporation for December 31, 2012. Inventory| | $ 25,600| | Cash paid to purchase equipment| | $ 11,010| Cash paid to suppliers| | 103,180| | Equipment| | 42,710| Building| | 200,000| | Revenues| | 100,360|Common stock| | 50,470| | Cash received from customers| | 132,620| Cash dividends paid| | 6,620| | Cash received from issuing common stock| | 22,080| | | | | | | *(a) | | Your answer is correct. | Prepare the statement of cash flows for Yvonne Corporation. (List negative amounts either with a negative sign preceding the number e. g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e. g. (15,000). ) YVONNE CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2012| Cash flows from operating activities| | | Cash received from customers| $ 132620 | |Cash paid to suppliers| (103180) | | Net cash provided by operating activities| | $ 29440 | | | | Cash flows from in vesting activities| | | Cash paid to purchase equipment| (11010) | | Net cash used by investing activities| | (11010) | | | | Cash flows from financing activities| | | Cash received from issuing common stock| 22080 | | Cash dividends paid| (6620) | | Net cash provided by financing activities| | 15460 | Net increase in cash| | $ 33890 | | *Brief Exercise 1-8 | | Your answer is correct. | Use the basic accounting equation to answer these questions. a) The liabilities of Daley Company are $94,430 and the stockholders’ equity is $266,600. What is the amount of Daley Company’s total assets? Total assets| | $ 361030 | (b) The total assets of Laven Company are $175,700 and its stockholders’ equity is $81,800. What is the amount of its total liabilities? Total liabilities| | $ 93900 | (c) The total assets of Peterman Co. are $910,700 and its liabilities are equal to one fourth of its total assets. What is the amount of Peterman Co. ’s stockholders’ equity? Stockholders’ equity| | $ 683025 | | | Question Attempts: 1 of 5 used | |

The Plea for the Chimpanzees

In the story â€Å"The Plea for the Chimpanzees† by Jane Goodall, Jane writes of a personal experience on her visit to a testing center where they use various primates to test products, one being chimpanzees. She was very upset with what she had seen during her visit. Chimpanzees were being treated horribly during and after being tested. Their living conditions were not what she would have thought them to be. They were quite worse. They had very little a social life with other chimpanzees or even humans.I think if we are going to use chimps to test products or inject them with our major diseases, then the least we can do is give back a little bit of freedom to run and play in a closed, safe environment and offer some compassion and love to these animals who are helping us find cures for the serious diseases we are fighting every day. It is proven that if the chimpanzees were in the presence of trusted caregivers, who are understanding of animal behavior, and dedicated, they wo uld react to treatments without being uncomfortable. At the Stanford Primate Center in California, a number of chimpanzees were taught to extend their arms for the drawing of blood. In return they were given a food reward. † (Page 369) We should provide loving and carrying staff to the chimpanzees.If the staff were more caring, then it will make their job so much better and easier to test the chimps. If the tested Chimpanzees were introduced to loving caregiver to interact with or even a chimp who was injected with the same disease, it would help with the major problem of chimpanzees going insane by isolation. A youngster, for example, can be treated when in the presence of a trusted human friend. Experiments have shown that young chimps react with high levels of distress if subjected to mild electric shocks when alone, but show almost no fear or pain when held by a sympathetic caretaker. † (Page 369) Along with caring staff, the chimps should be given the opportunity to have a sanitary and safe play room. The chimps should be provided with sanitary and safe playing equipment. A variety of simple toys and objects and be provided with little cost. It wouldn’t cost a lot of money to provide happiness to the animals that have no freedom.They also should be provided with some kind of toy that could help them feel comfortable, such as a small blanket or stuffed animal that can be cleaned easily. Offering these objects can help chimpanzees with depression, and also help if one chimp has to be isolated from any interaction from humans or other primates. In my opinion, I feel it is very wrong to be treating these animals this way. But, I know if we don’t than it would be very hard to find cures to our major diseases. But, if we are going to take away these animals’ rights and freedom, the least we can do is provide them with care and love while being tested on.It is very upsetting to hear how these animals are isolated in cages that ar e too small for them to spread out to stretch, or at least be given some affection. How can their caretakers just sit back and watch the animals in so much distress or hear their cries, and not care? These animals need the loving support while being poked and prodded and taking away their health. If these animals were shown some love, bigger cages and play time, it will greatly change the way the animal react to treatment and help the caretakers with making their job easier.