To Be A Slave Essay Research Paper free essay sample

To Be A Slave Essay, Research Paper To Be A Slave Article put together by Anonymous The solitary things that go to my head when I consider subjugation and of the book To be a Slave are either misinterpreting or truly negative. During the servitude mature ages, African individuals were exposed to a portion of the most exceedingly terrible mediations of the historical backdrop of this planet. They had to work for white individuals as slaves, however that is nil contrasted and the intercession they got. Slaves were beaten, mal-fed, and affronted as an entirety. Slaves were viewed as each piece low as the most minimal signifiers of life. They were dealt with not exactly a few signifiers of life. They were treated as effects that was dispensable and replaceable, and I wear? t comprehend why this viewpoint came into the human encephalon. I at times can try to do myself see how a grown-up male could encounter that he could ain another grown-up male. We will compose a custom article test on To Be A Slave Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Cash and ravenousness is likely the ground that made individuals experience that they should change over themselves that they are better than another race. I accept that white individuals attempted to do themselves accept that they were unrivaled, lastly the idea surfaced that they were predominant, despite the fact that where it counts they knew they were non. Why intercession was so harsh I wear? t to the full see either. My hypothesis is that the exceptionally unsmooth mediation given to the Africans was to ensure that the white individuals would remain? big cheese. ? This could other than elucidate the holocaust, when the German nazi executed 1000000s of guiltless individuals for no obvious ground. They too much could hold felt compromised by an alternate society. The solitary contrast is that the Americans didn? T needfully experience compromised by the Africans, however they likely didn? Ts like the way that they could revolt and free themselves. Terrorizing was an extremely strong plan. Unforgiving punishment could keep up the slaves in-line. Be that as it may, this idea could just go on one time the idea that White individuals were prevalent was undauntedly, and dishonestly, engraved in the slave owner? s heads. From the start, when slave exchanging was new in America, I would be ready to assume that punishment was non as cruel. It was likely steady. Driving to the flood tide of one of the most noticeably terrible eyeglassess that the oculus of grown-up male has seen. The primary concern was the way that subjugation was detestable, and that? s awful. It unsportsmanlike ended the lives of guiltless individuals who didn? t stand a very remarkable chance, and took each net gain that could be made of them for another person. It turned out to be awful to the point that law announced that a grown-up male could have another grown-up male. Luckily, we are no longer in obscurity times of subjugation. Each homo being has, or should hold, an equivalent opportunity to make what they need with themselves, and that? s great.

The Domestication of Horses

The Domestication of Horses Training is the procedure by which people take wild species and adjust them to reproducing and getting by in imprisonment. Much of the time, tamed creatures fill some need for people (food source, work, friendship). The procedure of taming brings about physiological and hereditary changes in the life forms over ages. Training varies from restraining in that subdued creatures are conceived in the wild while tamed creatures are reproduced in bondage. When Where Were Horses Domesticated? The historical backdrop of ponies in human culture can be followed back similarly as 30,000 BC when ponies were delineated in Paleolithic cavern works of art. The ponies in the works of art took after wild creatures and it is imagined that genuine taming of ponies didn't happen for a huge number of years to come. It is imagined that the ponies delineated in the Paleolithic cavern artistic creations were pursued for their meat by people. There are a few hypotheses concerning when and where training of the pony happened. A few hypotheses gauge that training happened at around 2000 BC while different speculations place taming as right on time as 4500 BC. Proof from mitochondrial DNA considers proposes that the taming of ponies happened in different areas and at different occasions. It is for the most part imagined that Central Asia is among the destinations that training happened, with locales in Ukraine and Kazakhstan giving archeological proof. What Role Did the First Domesticated Horses Play? From the beginning of time, ponies have been utilized for riding and for pulling carriages, chariots, furrows, and trucks. They assumed a noteworthy job in fighting via conveying troopers into fight. Since the principal trained ponies are thought to have been very little, almost certainly, they were utilized to pull trucks than for riding.

riverrun, past Eve and Adams

riverrun, past Eve and Adam’s I have so much work to do tonight, but I just fell off a treadmill in the Z-Center (no, really) and Im so disheartened by this that a commodius vicus of recirculation has brought me back to Turkey vs. Spam and environs. Im fine, Sams Mom. But Im obviously not a natural runner, and Im most assuredly deprotonated. Anyway, when you last left your hero the other night, I was about to go whitewater rafting in Maine with my dorm. I did such amazing things as riding kamikaze and watching the aurora borealis. Of course, I dont have any pictures of these things because you cant take pictures in the dark or on a whitewater raft. You silly silly vern vern. So, read on for a well-crafted narrative and exciting pictures of an apple farm. Saturday morning was OUT OF CONTROL! Mitra was all, oh, lets run 8 miles, Spammy and I havent learned how to say no to people yet, so I had to oblige. So, I ran with her, like a stunned grouse, for one hour, nine minutes, and seventeen seconds, and then I came home and passed out on my floor for two hours. Ah, it reminded me of the good old days before I dropped 18.701, except with less sheer physical agony. I was finally awoken when my ex-prefrosh Greg, who happened to be in Cambridge for the weekend, called me up and invited me down to Harvard, which of course takes its name from the fantastic Harvard Bookstore. It turns out that the Harvard Business School throws an amazing, spectacular block party on the second Saturday of September every year, with tons of delectable food, bouncing implements, and pony rides. Pony rides! Best of all, they didnt seem to have any way of checking whether visitors were actually affiliated with Harvard. So, you know what this meansanother days worth of free food to add to my calendar next year! Anyway, Greg and I spent the better part of an hour catching up on our summershe lived in a mountain village in Mexico drinking rainwater for seven weeks, and I, uh, saw an ostrich. Well, uh, I also tried to solve the energy crisis, I guess. Fearful I would be late for the rafting trips departure, I biked back from the business school very carefully and safely in the easily navigable, placid Boston traffic, sprinted to my room, and began throwing its entire contents into a small purple duffel bag. I made it downstairs with mere seconds to spare, but luckily the bus driver was twenty minutes late. Even more luckily, he turned out to be among the top twenty professional bus drivers on Earth, making it safely up to Maine in what must have been record time. The ride was so smooth that I fell asleep in the middle on Moulin Rouge, had my embarassing drooly picture taken by Chris 09, and awoke without even realizing that Id missed anything in the movie. Thats Baz Luhrmanns fault, though. Also, it was peppered with obscure New England highway history, the likes of which cant usually be found on a simple charter bus. On the way, we just happened to stop in Portland, Maineand in an area that I recognized, no less. Unfortunately, the only landmarks I remembered were a fish refinery and the toy store where Joe and I first discovered the X-Knot, so we had to settle for submediocre pizza instead of finding some delicious and affordable hole-in-the-wall. Faced with the problem of dividing an eight-piece pizza among the five of us, we decided to each eat one-and-a-half slices and then pass the last one around family-style. Then I took this picture. I dont know why, but it came out well, so you have to look at it. A lot of people didnt go on the rafting trip this year because we were camping outside instead of staying in a really nice motel in Jackman, the Switzerland of Maine. Well, we departed from our bus to find four lovely, fully-furnished cabins with running water, heating, and over 200 channels of cable television. I daresay that accomodations this year were even better than last year, though I did miss my hostesss charmingly bizarre accent. To paraphrase Megan 08, This is not the [procreating] wilderness weve got a [procreating] toilet and [procreating] beds with [procreating] blankets and a [procreating] TV and a [procreating] painting! AAAAGH! Much of what Megan says must be censored for content. Still, we were pretty far from civilization, and despite the beds and blankets and paintings and procreating, I was awestruck when I noticed the Milky Way for the first time in my life. Later that night, we played Mafia, but thats not important, because in the middle some people burst in to tell us we were missing the aurora borealis. Like Jessie noted in her comment the other night, I had no idea that Maine was northerly enough to get a good look at it. However, it was unmistakable, moving, and one of the most breathtaking natural phenomena Ive ever seen in my life. This alone was definitely worth the 25 dollar price of admission for the trip. It was also fascinating because I had no idea how the aurora worked, except for some vague concept of magnets and ions and solar wind (oh my!). It was maybe the first time since I got to MIT that I appreciated something for its beauty without realizing exactly how it worked. By the way, the rafting adventure alone normally costs 80 dollars, plus gas, meals, and lodging for a night. God bless dorm subsidies! The rafting itself has exactly the same river, guides, rafts, stories, and lunch every year, but this year was by far the best because I didnt let the rafting company talk me out of putting on a wetsuit. After this week, where Ive experienced both 94 and 42 degree temperatures (thats how New England works, you dirty Californians), Ive decided that I basically hate all weather. Anyway, they always tell me that a wetsuit will make me unbearably hot, and I always believe them, and then I always shiver so violently that my body starts to break down at the molecular level. This year, I was still unbelievably cold, but at least I had a wet suit on. Next year, thermal underwear. Also, over the years Ive been slowly working my way forward in the 8-person raft. This year, I took the frontmost seat for the most violent rapids, and I think Im finally ready to just sit back and relax next year. Actually, the real frontmost seat is riding the bull on the very tip of the raft, but after seeing Zach 08 tumble backwards into the raft after a particularly formidable wave, thats not really a life experience I necessarily need to have. This might have been the most memorable quote of the trip: The bull rode Zach. On the way home, our driver, Mr. Awesome, arbitrarily stopped by an apple farm on the side of the road and extolled the taste of their pies for us. He said we could have fifteen minutes to buy whatever we wanted. LOOK, I WAS REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE APPLE FARM: I got half a peck of Fancy Paula Red apples and tried some free hot cider and coffee cake with fresh preserves. No, not that Fancy Paula. I also joined Ling in a chorus of A Bushel and a Peck from Guys and Dolls, which I performed way back in 1999 and sang countless times with my Aunt Jeannie in my idyllic youth. Oh, that took me back. But speaking of songs that were staples from my childhood, I was on the bus with Megan 08 and she somehow ended up listening to my iPod. Now, I admit my iPod doesnt have my favorite songs ever on it; its just some peppy music to play while Im running, so I was a little self-conscious about letting her listen to it. Also, Megan is so hardcore indie that it hurts my eyes to look at her. Ouch. She has a show at WMBR, MITs student-run radio station, called You and Me and the Moon that regularly features such artists as Iron Wine, The Kaiser Chiefs, The Cocteau Twins, and pretty much anything that youve never heard of before. Well, much to my surprise, Megan found a song she really adored on my iPod; she listened to it several times, played it for everyone around her, and even started singing alongway-oh! oh-way-oh! I spent a good four or five minutes trying to figure out what it was before she declared it the best song ever and demanded that I send it to her so she could play it on her show. She was even more excited when I told her that there was a corresponding dance to the song. She was listening to Walk Like An Egyptian by The Bangles. Now, its a fantastic song, but I think its a little too I Love The 80s for an indie radio program, dont you? Anyway, it was just curious, because along with A Bushel and a Peck and Paperback Writer by the Beatles, it was pretty much my favorite song growing up, a fact which Sams Mom will probably dispute, but its totally true. Then I got home, thanked our driver, and set about on all the homework I had ignored on account of the aurora and the rafting, which kept me up until around 4 AM. And as for all your comments on the last entry, I will concede that I may be too trusting of human nature to operate a successful fast food establishment, as Spencer implies. Still, Mollies suggestion is by far the best Ive heardand I had this discussion with like 15 people. Ill definitely try it the next time the situation occurs. The only problem is that it doesnt work for Hindus or Orthodox Jews. You cant win them all, I guess. Unless youre Australias softball team, I think.

Racism in Shotgun - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 900 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? The terrible occasion of hurricane Katrina wiped out the city, as well as creating lasting scars in everybodys heart and homes. Beside the absence of monetarily assistance from the government there were racial intricacies and pressure among the people. Shotgun opens calmly then rapidly changes into racial exchange. In the first scene Dexter, Beau, and Eugene are acquainted with each other. Dexter starts to toss a little racial articulation about how he lost a lot of his people that day, with much accentuation on his as though they cant relate because of skin shading. Eugene instantly reacts, You not the only one lost somebody. In reference to his mom and being taken from home. (Biguenet page 8) As much as Dexter attempts to persuade Mattie not to lease the opposite side of the shotgun she doesnt tune in and continues getting the keys. He advises her, You asking for trouble you do this, Mattie. Trust an old man. Mixing black and white, its nothing but a jug of gasoline looking for a match. (Biguenet page 10) however that doesnt stop her. The following scene, its New Years Eve and Beau cooked. Eugene communicates his scorn for the circumstantial situation that theyre in. Beau attempts to cheer him up by proposing things will improve when school begins stating he’ll make new companions. Eugenes reaction is Friends? This school over here, Daddy, its all black. Those new friends of mine going to beat the crap out of me.†¦You’re not the one has to go to a new school with a bunch of black bastards gonna kick my ass everyday. (Biguenet page 14) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Shotgun" essay for you Create order In Act 1 scene 5, Dexter and Willie talk on the front porch about the discourse given by the mayor and racial issues. Willie says You hear what the mayor say? Say God meant this to be a chocolate city, but those white people Uptown, they dont want black folks ever going home again. Dexter reacts with Only thing they care about, those people, we don’t move in next door to them (Biguenet 23) Dexter remembers a sign at a laundromat saying No coloreds Maids in uniform excepted. Willie reacts with a slight joke about white individuals having a wet dog aroma when their hair is wet and the smell clings on their apparel. Dexter states, Well I dont trust them any more than you do, but I dont trust that mayor of yours, neither and Willie answers Better him then some white man. (Biguenet 24) Later on in the play, Willie stands up to Beau about the speech and attempts to start a argument. A racial side of Beau rises in the play in endeavors to strike back towards Willie saying, You swing by the parking lot of Home Depot in the morning, with all the Mexicans looking for work, I wouldn’t be surprised we wind up some kind of refried bean city before we’re done. (Biguenet page 29) Willie neglects the statement and proceeds with tossing affronts at Beau like So the msyor’s right you white people looking to take things back. All Willie can do is assault towards white people. White man do that, nobody open their mouth. Black man come along, all of a sudden, shit, we got to do something about all this corruption dragging us down. (Biguenet page 29) In the start of Act 2, plastered Eugene stumbles in requesting to rest in the bed however Beau wont allow it. Mattie turns out subsequent to hearing the arguing and advises Beau to give Eugene a chance to have the bed. Furious Eugene irritates seeing Mattie come out the room and has a racial upheaval. He tells Beau I understand all right. I understand I come home after getting cut from the football team and find you in bed screwing that nigger.(Biguenet page 38) This scene may be the most racial and awful on the grounds that Eugene demonstrates some reality behind the clichà ©s behind white individuals and white privelliage. In Act 2 scene 3, Beau and Dexter talk about reconstructing Matties shed that was demolished because of the storm. Dexter has no issue making it known of Mattie and Beau being an unsuit fit. Dexter asks Beau You really think that things are ever gonna change down here? They already going back to the way they always was – and worse. Beau reacts But look at us, you and me, black and white, living here together under one roof. Dexter denies in a route by saying Yeah, with a wall running between us. (Biguenet page 46) Scenes later, Dexter indicates at Eugene to begin cleaning and reconstructing the house that Beau and him used to live in, completely mindful Eugene despises living there utilizing it to his advantage as he wants them out (Biguenet page 51) The play closes in a pitiful state of mind, Beau ends his association with Mattie and moves back home. Its unmistakable neither wanted things to end, however Beau clarifies how theyre diverse races will never enable them to proceed on and live happily. The play has its affection filled minutes, yet the primary concern of the play is the contempt that the vast majority of the characters are racial among each other. The steady thought of things returning to the way they were and proceeding racial dispositions need some healing and it wont be simple and occur incidentally; physically as well as social and inwardly.

Essay about Film Censorship in the 21st Century - 2699 Words

Film Censorship in the 21st Century In the present day, Americans have had to realize what the word â€Å"freedom† means. Whether it is recognizing our freedom as American citizens and defending ourselves against a growing threat of terrorism, or protesting war as we attempt to protect another country’s plea for freedom, all Americans have looked closer at the definition of freedom. In this heightened age of freedom and evaluating our constitutional rights, it is interesting that censorship is still a controversial issue. Perhaps the most significant examples of censorship take place in the arts. While the First Amendment considers censorship illegal, there are many ways that censorship still occurs in visual art, theatre,†¦show more content†¦They sued on the grounds that the â€Å"statute imposed an unfair burden on interstate commerce†¦it failed to set up precise standards by which films were to be approved or rejected, and that it violated the free speech guarantees of the O hio constitution and the First Amendment† (Jowett 26). The Supreme Court concluded that the motion picture was not speech and, therefore, not protected by the First Amendment. The ruling encouraged states to continue censoring films and paved the way for movies to be scrutinized on a larger level. In 1922, the MPPDA (Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America) was formed and lead by a former Republican politician, William H. Hays. He teemed with a prominent lay Catholic, Martin Quigley to form the basis for the standard of censorship of films named the Motion Picture Production Code. When the document was printed in its entirety in 1934 in the Motion Picture Herald, the names of its composers were strategically left out since the MPPDA and Hays did not want to expose the codes Catholic origins. The three general principles of the code were as follows: 1. No picture shall be produced which will lower the moral standards of those who see it. Hence the sympathy of the audience shall never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil, or sin. 2. Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements ofShow MoreRelatedCensorship Of The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesJeffrey Corpstein English 270 Research paper Censorship This paper will cover censorship in film with its main focus in the United States. It will cover the progress of film censorship and how it has varied throughout the country as well as state to state. The reader will discover how film censorship has changed with society and can be a resemblance of society at a certain point in time. Important cases and lawsuits will be covered as well, enabling the reader to understand why and how certain lawsRead MoreThe Truth Behind War Coverage846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth Behind War Coverage in the 21st Century In the 90’s, CNN introduced the world to â€Å"live coverage† when they sent journalists to Baghdad to cover the first Gulf War. This was ground breaking journalism that opened several doors in the media industry and there wasn t a journalist that didn’t envy the team of men and women that were sent to Baghdad to report the war. Network stations today have followed suit when it comes to war coverage, to the way that CNN has paved for broadcast mediaRead MoreModern Bollywood, A Decade Old: Bollywood and the Colonial Censorship3158 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction This essay explains the journey of Bollywood (Indian Film Industry) and how it has changed itself and its audience’s perspective on Hindi Cinema. 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Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical. Free Essays

string(204) " areas whose minimum educational level would be the completion of GCE \(A/L\) and the advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG sector inSri Lankawithin the time period of 2007-2008\." CHAPTER 1.1 INRODUCTION It is believed that the buying behavior of consumers can be influenced by vast promotions. Among all types of promotional techniques, TV promotions play a vital role in consumers’ buying behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical. or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Advertising perception has a significant impact on consumers’ intention to reject the products and the brand† (Chan et al, 2007). The marketers around the world use different kinds of promotion techniques as a tool of conveying the message about their products or services to the target consumers. Marketers tend to believe that all consumers around the world have similar needs as well as desires and that the global market is growing increasingly homogeneous (Chan et al, 2007). Therefore they try to capture the market through advertising without considering what customers expect from the firms. Due to the rapid growth in the media, all most all firms use TV as their media of promotion to grasp the target market. The Sri Lankan structure of advertising industry is also affected by globalization. At present, there are number of private and government advertising companies inSri Lanka. The advertising companies are also affected by the local FMCG companies. Due to the arising completion, companies should involve in vast promotions in order to capture the market before their competitors. It is believed that there is a relationship between TV promotions and buying behavior of consumers. In order to identify what the customer expects from marketers, it’s vital to carry out a research on how ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry inSri Lanka? 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT How ethical and unethical TV advertisements affect on consumer buying behavior in FMCG industry in Sri Lanka 1.3 PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION The companies that are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lankashould focus on increasing their sales through identifying their customer expectations. Today almost all the organization around the world, use TV advertisements as a way of conveying the message about their product to the target market. Therefore it is important for marketers to identify the consumer perception about ethical and unethical TV advertisements and its impact on the company sales. Most of the companies do not analyze their customer expectations before they telecast their advertisements on TV. This has created a contradictory situation in the society which may result in negative perceptions about the product which is promoted through the advertisement. R.C. Earnest (2007), who conducted a research on ethnically targeted advertising, has found that â€Å"there were negative attitudinal, emotional, and behavioral reactions by those who are not targeted, which may result in a drop of sales.† With the arising competition, it’s important for organizations to find out the ways and means of satisfying customers in order to make the existing customer retain with the company and attract new customers through vast promotions. The level of understanding of what local customer expect from the marketers when they are doing their promotions through television is, questionable. It is important for organizations to understand and examine the impact of TV advertisements on consumer buying behavior in order to be successful in the future. 1.4 OBJECTIVES To identify how consumers react to unethical and ethical TV advertisements done by FMCG industry inSri Lanka. To find out the impact on buying behavior of the consumers depending on the ethicality and unethicality of the TV advertisements. To find out the relationship between different types of advertisements and buying behavior To find out what type of advertisements attracts more customers towards the product. To recommend alterations to enhance the quality of suitable TV advertisements inSri Lanka. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Companies The buying behavior of the consumers would be analyzed with regard to the TV advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG industry inSri Lanka. This study will enable the companies to understand their consumers and plan their future promotions in a way in which it will increase customers’ satisfaction. The study also emphasis on possible consequences that may arise in the long run if the company target only one ethnic or religious group in their advertisements. It will also enable the companies to get an idea about the effectiveness of using Indian and other foreign TV advertisements in Sri Lankan context. As this study enables to indentify customer’s perception of the ethical and unethical advertisements, the companies would be able to fulfill customer expectations by providing what customers perceive as ethical. It will create positive attitudes towards the product and the company, ensuring their sales would not drop as a result of an unethical advertisement. Consumers As the study focuses on customer perception regarding ethical and unethical advertisements, the customers will be able to watch TV advertisements without feeling uneasy and embarrassed and they wouldn’t become offended regarding controversial advertisements Further as the production of unethical advertisements diminishes due to the awareness created among the advertising firms through the study and the consumer would be able to grasp the exact message which the company wishes to deliver to the customers when the advertisement is devoid of unethical content. The study will provide an opportunity for the customers to express their views on ethical and unethical TV advertisements. Advertising firms As the study provides details regarding the factors that should be considered when producing TV advertisements for Sri Lankan audience, the advertisement firms will be benefited in terms of understanding the target audience and to be more responsible about the content of the advertisements. The study will specify on what is ethical and what is unethical in terms of customer perspective, which should be the main concern of the advertising firms. Through the provided recommendations the firms can improve the quality of their advertisements, meeting customer expectations which will enable them to serve the society better. 1.6 SCOPE AND THE LIMITATIONS OF THE STDY. Limitation associated with this study begins with the nature of sample, which are the working women in selected areas whose minimum educational level would be the completion of GCE (A/L) and the advertisements done by companies who are operating in the FMCG sector inSri Lankawithin the time period of 2007-2008. You read "Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical." in category "Essay examples" The above mentioned sample is selected based on following assumptions: As the society acceptance is more towards the working females, the data gathered through them would be more reliable. Minimum educational level is specified considering the fact that they are knowledgeable enough to distinguish what is ethical and unethical. Further the selected area would beColombomunicipal council and the time period is specified due to time limitation and ease of data gathering. The study is carried out considering only a group of customers which might cause biasness in the findings. Selection of TV as media of advertising and FMCG industry are limiting the study to one particular sector. CHAPTER 2 2.1LITERATURE â€Å"Ethics of advertising intends to ensure that advertisers and consumers co-exist without being harmed by the messages of advertisements.† Ethical advertising provides information regarding the product without harming any parties involved as well as people who watch.â€Å"Unethical advertising, by contrast, deceives consumers by concealing significant facts about a product or service.† Unethical do not satisfy the interests and expectations of the consumers (AcaDemon, 2008) 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Numbers of researches around the world have carried out research to find out if there exists a relationship between TV advertisements and the buying behavior. Implications for the Western World It is interesting to observe that TV advertisements have an impact on the Buying behaviors of the New Zealandcustomers. A group of researchers who carried out a research â€Å"to examine what influences perceptions of infomercial advertising effectiveness among a sample of actual infomercial buyers† (Martin et al, 2002), have found that the consumers included in the sample which was 2,670 customers who had bought one of six different products advertised within two weeks, has admitted that the infomercial advertisements (Appendix 1) had been effective in getting them to buy the product (Martin et al, 2002). Unlike most researchers, this group has identified a relationship between a demographic factor which is age and the buying behavior of the consumers. According to the findings of Martine et al, (2002) age impacted how consumers view infomercials, as did the product type purchased. Hypotheses Ho1 and Ha1 were developed according to the findings of this study. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez (2003) who conducted a research inSpainhad focused on a different aspect of advertising. In contrast to the above mentioned group, this group has selected the comparative advertising in order to find out the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The study was carried out on the objective of â€Å"to provide marketing professionals with a theoretical outline that will allow them to understand the persuasive mechanism that underlies comparative advertising effectiveness, helping them in their marketing decision-making processes† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez, 2003). Comparing to the above group, this group had identified a negative relationship between advertisements and buying behavior of the consumers. The findings of the study states that, â€Å"increase in comparative advertising intensity negatively affect towards the brands advertised and also purchase intensions† (Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez , 2003). In order to gather data, they have used relatively a small sample which consisted of 720 consumers selected from four geographical areas ofSpain. The finding of this study was utilized in order to develop Hypotheses Ho2 and Ha2. Petrovici Marinov (2007), two British researchers have also concentrated on how TV advertisements affect on buying behavior of the consumers. They have used a different approach to attempt the research objective which is â€Å"to explore the relationship between determinants and primary antecedents of advertising and attitudes to advertising in the context of European Union accession countries† (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Even though the sample selected was small (797 respondents) comparing to New Zealand researches (sample of 2,670 respondents), this group has selected their sample from two different countries (Romania and Bulgaria) which helps to broaden their study further and their findings are more reliable as they have conducted face-to-face interviews with the respondents. It is proved that brand recognition and acquisition can be achieved through realistic, truthful and fair advertising (Petrovici Marinov, 2007). Hypotheses Ho3, Ha3 and Ho4, Ha4 were developed in rel ation to the findings of this study. Romani (2006) who conducted the research inItalyhas used different types of variables compared to other western researches to test the relationship between TV advertisements and buying behavior. The variables used in this study were, willingness to buy the advertised product, trustworthiness towards the source of information and completeness or clarity of price information contained in the advertisement. The researcher has used qualitative and experimental studies in order to identify the misleading price communication strategies and consumer response to those advertisements. The respondents sample were very small (480) compared to above mentioned studies which is a drawback of the study. The conclusions drawn from the study show that there is a negative relationship between price misleading advertisements and the customer’s willingness to buy and there is a positive relationship between trustworthiness towards the source of information. The objective of the study was to †Å"investigate consumers’ reactions to advertisements containing misleading information on price† (Romani, 2006). Development of hypotheses Ho5, Ha5 and Ho6, Ha6 were based on the findings of this study. Implications for Asian countries According to R.C. Earnest (2007), â€Å"Unintended audiences often view advertisements targeted at other groups and make decisions regarding the advertisement, brand and company behind the advertising which affect future consumer behavior†. The objective of the study was â€Å"to extend current knowledge on advertising effects on those not targeted by noting unintended consequences on attitudinal, emotional and behavioral reactions† R.C. Earnest (2007). A similar type of sample which Petrovici Marinov (2007), used in their study was utilized in order to gather data. Instead of selecting the sample from two countries, R.C. Earnest (2007) has selected the sample from two distinct ethnic groups (Malay and Chinese) inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia. A fair number of respondents (200 Chinese and 199 Malays) were selected from each group and data were gathered by means of a questionnaire which was based on fiction advertisements targeted at dominant and non- dominant ethnic groups inM alaysia. Hypotheses Ho7 and Ha7 were developed on the basis of findings of this study. Chan McNeal (2003) have concentrated on an atypical aspect of how TV advertisements influence on buying behavior of the consumers. They have emphasized on parent- child communications about consumption and advertising which distinguish their study from the others. Comparatively a large sample (1,665) of parents with children aged 6 to 14 were selected from 3 cities inChinaand a questionnaire is being distributed in order to gather data. Out of all the findings of their study most relevant finding to the current study is that, pluralistic and consensual parents take their children’s opinions about advertisements in to consideration when consuming certain products. Implications for neighbor country A study conducted by Fam Grosh (2007) has derived an interesting finding from the data they gathered using 1,000 urban young adults. Even the sample selected was relatively low compared to theMartin et al’s, (2002) study, the sample was drawn from five Asian countries includingIndia. The method that they have used to gather data was telephone interviews which distinguish this study from the above mentioned studies. The respondents were questioned on their thoughts about the TV advertisements that they liked, product that was being advertised and purchase intensions. The objective of the study was â€Å"to examine likeable executional techniques in advertising across five Asian countries and their impact on purchase intension† (Fam Grosh, 2007). The researchers found that unlike in the all other four countries India is the only country where the respondents’ react for the likeable executional tools and likeable attributes such as soft sell and relevant to me, ha s positively affected the respondents’ decision to buy more of a product/ brand after they exposure to the advertisement (Fam Grosh, 2007). Further most interesting finding of the study is that unlike in other countries Indian customers have responded negatively to advertisements in which children misbehave. Hypotheses Ho8 and 8were constructed with relevant to the findings of this study. Above discussed literature illustrates that advertisements have a significant impact on consumer buying behavior. CHAPTER 3 3.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The following variables are derived from the literature provided in chapter 2. Independent Variables Dependent Variables 3.2 HYPOTHESES Ho1: There is no relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ha1: There is a relationship between infomercial advertisements and buying behavior. Ho2: There is no relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha2: There is a relationship between Comparative Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho3: There is no relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ha3: There is a relationship between Realistic Advertisements and buying behavior. Ho4: There is a negative relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. Ha4: There is a positive relationship between Truthfulness of the information provided and thebuying behavior. H05: There is no relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ha5: There is a relationship between Trustworthiness of the source and buying behavior. Ho6: There is no relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior. Ha6: There is a relationship between Price misleading advertisements and buying behavior Ho7: There is a negative relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ha7: There is a positive relationship between ethnically targeted advertisements and buying behavior. Ho8: There is a negative relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. Ha8: There is a positive relationship between Children misbehaved advertisements and buying behavior. 3.3 METHODOLOGY Population, sampling and statistical approach will be discussed under this topic. 3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE. Selected population for in order to gather data is working women inColombodistrict with a minimum education level of G.C.E (A/L). Below diagram elaborates the selection of sample. The sampling method adapted is a proportionate probability area sampling technique. Where the selected sample of individuals was chosen based on their geographical location (Colombo District) and were further chosen based on if they were employed and had completed the G.C.E (A/L). Since the sample is larger than 35, hence, this can be categorized as a parametric test. Note: – 16.7% is the whole Female, employed and above G.C.E (A/L) rate 19,886,000 is the whole Sri Lankan population 2,421,000 is the wholeColombodistrict population 647,100 is the whole population ofColombomunicipal council 210,546 is the whole population of Dehiwala municipal council 117,563 is the whole population of Moratuwa municipal council 116366 is the whole population of Sri Jayewardenepura municipal council 3.5 STATISTICAL APPROCH According to the table provided in the Appendix 1, multiple regression analysis should be used to analyze data. Further Martine et al. (2002) also have used the multiple regression method to analyze data in their study. In order to gather data five point Likert scale would be adapted as previous researches, Chan McNeal (2003) and Martin et al (2002) have also used the same scale to gather data. CHAPTER 4 4.1 CONCLUSION The proposed study analyzes the impact of ethical and unethical TV advertisements on buying behavior of the consumers in FMCG industry inSri Lanka. Further the study analyses the relationship of how different types of TV advertisements affect on the buying behavior of the consumers using a sample of 104 working women inColombodistrict who have completed A/L examination. Literature review of the current study provides sufficient evidence of past researches which have discussed the similar relationships between the variables selected. Further the study enables the marketers to understand the customer well and as a result they will be able to fulfill consumer expectations through their advertisements. References Chan et al. 2007, ‘Consumers response to offensive advertising: a cross cultural study’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.606-628. R.C. Earnest 2007, ‘Ethnically targeted advertising views of those not targeted’, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing, vol.19, no.3, pp.265-285. Martin et al. 2002, ‘Infomercials and advertising effectiveness: an empirical study’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.19, no.6, pp.468-480. Barrio-Garcia Luque- Martinez 2003, ‘Modeling consumer response to differing levels of comparative advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.37, no.1/2, pp.256-274. Petrovici Marinov 2007, ‘Determinants and antecedents of general attitudes towards advertising’, European Journal of Marketing, vol.41, no.3/4, pp.307-326. Romani 2006, ‘Price misleading advertising: effects on trustworthiness toward the source of information and willingness to buy’, Journal of product and brand management, vol.15, no.2, pp.130-138. Chan McNeal 2003, ‘Parent-child communications about consumption and advertising in China’, Journal of consumer marketing, vol.20, no.4, pp.317-334. Fam Grosh 2007, ‘Cultural values and effective executional techniques in advertising’, International Marketing Review, vol.24, no.5, pp.519-638. City population 2008, Sri Lanka , [Online], Available: http://www.citypopulation.de/SriLanka.html [Accessed 3rd December 2008] Department of Census statistics 2006, Bulletin of Labor Force Statistics, [Online], Available: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/labourforce/mainpage.pdf [Accessed 3rd December 2008] AcaDemon 2008, ‘Papers on Ethical Advertising and similar term paper topics’, [Online], Available: http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/31480.html [Accessed 10th December 2008] Appendix (Statistical Approach) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPEDEPENDENT VARIABLE DATA TYPE:Buying behaviorSELECTED STATISTICAL METHOD INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1:Infomercial advertisementsIntervalInterval Multiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE2:Comparative advertisementsInterval IntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE3:Realistic advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE4:Truthfulness of the information providedIntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 5:Trustworthiness of the source IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 6:Price misleading advertisements. IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 7: Ethnically targeted advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 8: Children’s misbehave advertisements IntervalIntervalMultiple Regression Appendix 2 (Operationalisation) Types of variables Measurement Questions/ Description Type of Data Independent Variables Infomercial advertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that infomercial advertisements make me buy the product compared to other advertisements.Interval Comparative advertisementsLikert ScaleComparative advertisements annoy meInterval Realistic AdvertisementsLikert ScaleI feel that realistic advertisements convince me more to buy the advertised product.Interval Truthfulness of the information provided in the advertisementsLikert ScaleI tend to purchase the product if the advertised information is trustworthy.Interval Trustworthiness of the sourceLikert ScaleI believe that TV advertisements are more reliable than other sources.Interval Price misleading advertisementsLikert ScalePrice misleading advertisements makes me reconsider when buying the relevant product.Interval Ethnically target advertisementsLikert ScaleAdvertisements targeting an ethnic group discourage me to purchase the product.Interval Children misbehave in advertisementsLikert ScaleI reject buying products that are advertised using children’s misbehaviour.Interval Dependant Variable Buying BehaviourLikert ScaleTelevision advertisements encourage me to buy the relevant products.Interval How to cite Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical., Essay examples

Bakke Essay Research Paper In 1973 a free essay sample

Bakke Essay, Research Paper In 1973 a 33 twelvemonth old Caucasic male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admittance to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was one time once more rejected, even though his T est tonss were well higher than assorted minorities that were admitted under a particular plan. This particular plan specified that 16 out of 100 possible infinites for the pupils in the medical plan were set aside entirely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as contrary favoritism. Bakke felt his rejections to be misdemeanors of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that # 8220 ; the admittances plan violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The clause reads as follows: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; No province shall do or implement any jurisprudence which shall foreshorten the privileges or unsusceptibilities of citizens of the United States ; nor without due procedure of the jurisprudence ; nor deny to any individual within its legal power the equal protection of the laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Bakke Essay Research Paper In 1973 a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; The tribunal ruled that race could non be a factor in admittances. However, they did non coerce the entree of Bakke because the tribunal could non cognize if he would hold been admitted if the particular admittances plan for minorities did non be. Bakke disagreed with the tribunal on this issue and he brought it before the California Supreme Court. The California Supreme Court held that it was the University # 8217 ; s load to turn out that Bakke would non hold been admitted if the particular plan was non in consequence. The school could non run into this demand, and Bakke was admitted by tribunal order. However, the University appealed to the Supreme Court for # 8220 ; certiorari # 8221 ; , which was granted, and the order to acknowledge Bakke was suspended pending the Court # 8217 ; s determination. # 8220 ; Bakke was the most important civil rights instance to make the United States Supreme Court since Brown v. Board the Education of Topeka, Kansas. # 8221 ; The particular admittances plan at Davis tried to farther incorporate the higher instruction system because simply taking the barriers, as the Brown instance did, did non ever work. In short, Bakke was oppugning how far the University of California Medical School at Davis could travel the attempt to do up for past racial favoritism and segregation. The statements for and against the particular admittances plan are complicated. The statements for particular admittances are as follows: Because of past unfairnesss, compensation should be granted to minorities, and one possible signifier is as affirmatory action, which, in this instance, is the function of the particular admittances plan. In add-on, racial diverseness in educational establishments was seen as a asset. The diverseness would learn pupils more about different races and faiths and fix t hem for the hereafter when they would most probably have to work along side person different from themselves. Hopefully, minorities in professional countries would return to their minority community and be seen as a function theoretical account for minority young person while profiting the full community every bit good. The concluding statement for the particular admittances plan is that advantage should non be associated with race, i.e. because one is of the Caucasic bulk he/she should non hold more advantages and likewise because one is of a minority he/she should non b e disadvantaged. The statements against the particular admittances plan were based upon the fact that the Constitution was intended to overlook race and ethnicity in public authorization and determinations. The mistake in particular admittances plans is that they will us e skin colour as a more of import factor than academic and personal virtue. Therefore, those who deserve promotion may non have it, due to affirmatory action and the associated contrary favoritism. By making so, the assorted cultural groups will be divided and perchance stop up viing. Another job with the particular admittances plan is that it does non take into history the disadvantaged who are in the bulk, non the minority. And eventually, it is seen as charity to the minorities by many persons and civil rights groups. The determination of the Supreme Court was seen as # 8220 ; something for everyone. # 8221 ; In other words, each side, although non wholly deriving their terminals, furthered their cause. The particular admittances plan at Davis was deemed unconstitutional because it specified a figure of minority slots. However, the tribunal upheld the usage of race or ethnicity as # 8220 ; a # 8216 ; plus # 8217 ; in a peculiar applier # 8217 ; s file, so long as it does non insulate the person from comparing with all other campaigners for the available seats. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Justice Powell was the key to the Bakke determination ; In fact, it could be said that he created both bulks in add-on to simply holding with them. # 8221 ; The determination to make off with the Davis particular admittances quota system was supported by Powell, Chief Justice Burger, Justice Rehnquist, Justice Potter Stewart, and Justice John Paul Stevens. They saw the Bakke instance as a difference which could be settled by the 1964 Civil Rights Act without even naming constitutional affairs into inquiry. # 8220 ; Title VI of the act, they pointed out, barred any favoritism on the land of race, colour, or national beginning in any plan receiving federal fiscal assistance. # 8221 ; Therefore, the university had violated that portion of the 1964 Civil Right s Act. However, Powell thought otherwise. Alternatively of governing out constitutional engagement, he saw the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as equal. Therefore, he said, # 8220 ; what violated one violated the other. # 8220 ; The Davis particular admittances plan used an expressed racial categorization, Powell noted. Such categorizations were non ever unconstitutional, he continued, # 8216 ; but when a province # 8217 ; s distribution of benefits or infliction of loads flexible joints on. .. the colour of a individual # 8217 ; s tegument or lineage, that person is entitled to demonstration that the challenged categorization is necessary to advance a significant province interest. # 8217 ; Powell could happen no significant involvement that justified the constitution of the # 8230 ; quota system. Not even the desire to rectify past favoritism was a sufficient justification, he said. # 8221 ; Powell did non hold wholly that all racial categorizations were unconstitutional. He did believe that affirmatory action, when it considered race, was O.K. . He demonstrated this when he voted on this point with Justices Brennan, Marshal, White, and Harry A. Blackmun. After eight months, a ballot of 5-4 decided that Bakke be admitted to the medical school at Davis. The determination on the constitutional issue was that a numerical quota was unconstitutional unless it was used to compensate a old favoritism. However, utilizing race and faith as a asset in educational admittances was deemed constitutional.

Capital Punishment Essays (1284 words) - Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution. Capital committing crimes, regarded so heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has risen to an average of 80% according to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled "Death penalty debate centers on Retribution", this figure is slightly lower in Canada where support for the death penalty is at 72% of the population over 18 years of age, as stated in article by Kirk Makir, in the March 26, 1987 edition of the Globe and Mail, titled "B.C. MPs split on Death Penalty". The death penalty deters murder by putting the fear of death into would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to him. Another way the death penalty deters murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill again. Most supporters of the death penalty feel that offenders should be punished for their crimes, and that it does not matter whether it will deter the crime rate. Supporters of the death penalty are in favor of making examples out of offenders, and that the threat of death will be enough to deter the crime rate, but the crime rate is irrelevant. According to Isaac Ehrlich's study, published on April 16, 1976, eight murders are deterred for each execution that is carried out in the U.S.A. He goes on to say, "If one execution of a guilty capital murderer deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is justified." To most supporters of the death penalty, like Ehrlich, if even 1 life is saved, for countless executions of the guilty, it is a good reason for the death penalty. The theory that society engages in murder when executing the guilty, is considered invalid by most supporters, including Ehrlich. He feels that execution of convicted offenders expresses the great value society places on innocent life. Isaac Ehrlich goes on to state that racism is also a point used by death penalty advocates. We will use the U.S. as examples, since we can not look at the inmates on death row in Canada, because their are laws in Canada that state that crime statistics can not be based on race, also the fact that there are no inmates on death row in Canada. In the U.S. 16 out of 1000 whites arrested for murder are sentenced to death, while 12 of 1000 blacks arrested for murder were sentenced to death. 1.1% of black inmates on death row were executed, while 1.7% of white inmates will die. Another cry for racism, as according to Ehrlich, that is raised by advocates of the death penalty is based on the color of the victim, for example "if the victim is white, it is more likely that the offender will get the death penalty than if the victim had been black". This is true, if you look at the actual number of people who are murder. More people kill whites and get the death penalty, then people who kill blacks and get the death penalty. The reason for this is that more whites are killed, and the murders captured. Now if we look at the number of blacks killed it is a lot less, but you have to look at these numbers proportionately. Percent wise it is almost the same number for any race, so this is not the issue. In a 1986 study done by Professor Stephen K. Layson of the University of North Carolina, the conclusions made by Ehrilich were updated, and showed to be a little on the low side as far as the deterrence factor of capital punishment. Professor Layson found that 18 murders were deterred by each execution is the U.S. He also found that executions increase in probability of arrest, conviction, and other executions of heinous offenders. According to a statement issued by George C. Smith, Director of Litigation, Washington Legal Foundation, titled "In Support of the Death Penalty", support for the death penalty has grown in the U.S., as the crime rate increased. In 1966, 42% of Americans were in favor of capital punishment while 47% were opposed to it. Since the crime rate United States has increased, support for

Crash Film Essay Example

Crash Film Essay Example Crash Film Essay Crash Film Essay The principal job of any film should be to please its viewers. To what extent do you agree with this view? 1: Engage: Relationship between Christine and Officer Ryan. Not pleasing, in fact very uncomfortable but demonstrates how people affect each other. Craft: Dialogue – Not you – anyone but you†¦ Close ups on Christine’s face when she’s being abused, close ups on John’s face looking angry then the hand held camera, increasing tension, slow motion, canted angle shots, hero shot Evaluate: This relationship is intense and very angry†¦ viewer left unsatisfied as to how we are supposed to feel about him but this is very intelligent on behalf of the director 2: Engage: Officer Hansen, who has been a sympathetic ‘good’ figure shoots a man because of fear. It is not pleasing but reminds us how quick we are to judge. Craft: Two shot of Ryan and Hansen – the dark and the light (juxtaposition of good and evil) sets us up. Dialogue : When you’ve been in the job for as long as I have you’ll look at things differently. Film structure – flash back, starts off with a death but ends in a murder. We expect one of the bad men to have done it. Evaluate: Director does not please us but shows us that there is a fine line between good and evil and that good men do stupid things. 3: Engage: On the other hand, the relationship between Daniel and his daughter is pleasing. It takes what could otherwise be a very bleak movie and gives it a satisfying edge. We like that he loves her so much. Craft: Dialogue: â€Å"your amigo in there is going to sell our keys to one of his homeys† costume, baggy jeans, tattoos. Symbolism – the invisible cape protecting her is symbolic of his hopes and dreams for his daughter and what he will do to protect her. Evaluate: is pleasing because gives us hope. Even though his life is hard the love he has for his daughter and the fact they magically don’t get shot and killed is like the spoonful of sugar that makes the other home truths more palatable. I do not believe that the principal job of a film is to be pleasing to its audience. While there are genres of films that do this, slapstick male bonding fraternity movies, cookie cutter romantic comedies or slasher flicks, not all films are purely for entertainment and some of the best films are confronting, disturbing or thought provoking: definitely not pleasing. Paul Haggis’ â€Å"Crash† sits somewhere between the two. It stirs up emotions and shows us hard truths about ourselves; the good guy doesn’t necessarily win in the end, but there are elements of careful scripting and sweet storylines that keep the audience happy so as not to alienate them from the message the director is trying to show. The most uncomfortable scene in the movie is when Officers Ryan and Hansen pull over the Thayers on their way home from a night out. Ryan, a character who is made out to be a racist, misogynistic man, takes his own personal frustrations out on Christine (a wealthy black woman) by sexually interfering with her on the side of the road in front of her husband and his partner. Neither Christine nor her husband had done anything to deserve this treatment and her husband just stood and watched, feeling impotent and frightened that if he protested he would be arrested. The emotional fallout from this incident, with Christine justifiably feeling like she had been sacrificed for her husband’s safety and __________ carrying the anger of a man who had to stand helpless while his mate was abused, nearly cost them their marriage and started them thinking about what life is really like for black people. THis interaction between John Ryan and Christine becomes even more upsetting during the climactic, central ‘Crash’ scene when Ryan has to save Christine from a car about to explode. She doesn’t want to be touched by him, even to save her life, which shows him how much of an impact he has had on her life. While Ryan does pull her from the car and risk his life to do so, the audience isn’t given a satisfying resolution for their brief relationship. The scene ends with Ryan on his knees is a pose of supplication while Christine is led off for medical attention. There are looks exchanged between the two but no dialogue that gives us closure. We don’t know if she has forgiven him, if he has realised what he has really done and will change his ways, or if she is now determined to press charges. This lack of resolution is not pleasing to a modern audience as we prefer all our lose ends tied up. There was a lot of intervention by the director in order to show this relationship and also to leave it open ended. From their first meeting we were set up to feel sympathetic to Christine and revile Ryan. While this is familiar and therefore largely pleasing to an audience (to hate the bad guy and feel sorry for the poor abused woman) there is a feeling of having the rug pulled out from underneath you when the relationship isn’t resolved. In the abuse scene the lighting is kept dark and the scene is lit largely by streetlights. This gives an appropriately sombre air. The camera tracks Ryan’s hands as he fondles Christines body, a technique that fills most viewers with uncomfortable revulsion. Luckily the camera pulls away from her body as Ryan gets worse but it then closely focuses on her face as she is entered by him. The expression on her face shows anger, hurt, desperation and fear. The camera then cuts to a close up on Ryan’s face. He just looks angry. The juxtaposition between the two gives the audience a feeling of intruding on a private moment, of being a voyeur who doesn’t want to watch but can’t turn away. We just hope it gets better. That horrible feeling of uncomfortable voyeurism returns in the crash scene when Christine realises it is Ryan that is in the car with her and trying to save her. She panics and even though the camera is at a canted angle and handheld, because we are positioned to see her from Ryan’s point of view we can see the terror on her face. The shock is that the terror is over Ryan, not the prospect of dying. The feeling of displeasure intensifies after Christine and Ryan are out of the car and on their way to safety. We are again positioned from Ryan’s point of view as the camera action slows down and we get a lingering shot of Christine’s face as she is leaning on an ambulance officer. She l ooks hurt and confused. To end the scene there is a ‘hero shot’ of Ryan on his knees. The use of this shot is trying to position us to believe that Ryan is redeemed but the lack of verbal discussion leaves the incident unresolved and unfinished. The director leaves us to make up our own minds about Ryan’s guilt or innocence and this is not a pleasurable feeling – it is thought provoking and open to interpretation. This relationship is a very powerful one but it is not pleasing. The director trusts the audience to come to their own conclusion which is very intelligent on his part but does not make for easy viewing. It is this intense but brief snapshots of people’s foibles and the search into their inner workings that make the film worth viewing but it is uncomfortable when our own prejudices are held up for scrutiny. Ryan’s partner, Hansen is set up to be the opposite of Ryan. Not only does he look like the stereotypical hero, with his blonde hair, impressive physique and big blue eyes (compared to Ryan’s darkness) but he is horrified by Ryan’s actions in the scene where Ryan molests Christine. He is clearly disturbed by this and other incidences of racism that he witnesses and goes to his commanding officer to ask for a transfer to another partner. We, the audience feel for Hansen as he is humiliated by the officer and then is forced to say he has a problem with flatulence in order to get rid of Ryan as his partner. At first viewing, the audience is comforted and pleased that there is such a sympathetic character but this is to be torn down later in the film and then when really analysing Hansen’s actions. At the end of the film we are shown Hansen picking up a black man, Peter, while driving home. This appears to be an act of charity. But as the scene goes on a disag reement erupts between Hansen and Peter and Hansen’s racial prejudices can be seen more clearly. It culminates when Hansen tells Peter to get his hands out of his pockets as Hansen suspects Peter has a gun. Peter doesn’t obey quickly enough so Hansen shoots him dead and then dumps his body on the side of the road. The character that we have felt sympathetic towards and viewed as a genuinely good person is actually a murderer who tries to cover up his crime. This is not pleasant for the viewer but it is thought-provoking and uncomfortable. His actions cause us to examine his previous actions and realise that Hansen is at best a week character and at worst is inherently racist himself. The director uses various film techniques to manipulate the viewer and set us up for an unpleasant but revealing surprise because we have misjudged Hansen so seriously. The most obvious of these techniques is the film structure itself. The film actually starts at the end with the discovery of the dead body of Peter. We know that he has been murdered but do not know who did it. The rest of the film is actually a flashback where we are introduced to various characters and then led to the final conclusions about their guilt and innocence. Because we are lulled into a false sense of security about what type of person would be a killer, we never suspect that Hansen could have it in him. He seems to be such an ‘every man’. This use of flashbacks actually shows us that if you scratch the surface anybody could do the unforgivable. The use of two shots also set us up to revere Hansen. In the scene after Hansen has gotten rid of Ryan as a partner they have a brief confrontation. T here is a two shot of Hansen looking virtuous and relieved to be rid of Ryan while Ryan just looks vicious. Ryan says â€Å"Just wait until you’ve been on the job long enough and you’ll start to see things as they really are.† Hansen appears to take the high road and doesn’t reply. This juxtaposes the two characters and leads us to believe that one is right, one is wrong, and that things are black and white. This initial setting up of a dichotomy is pleasant for the viewer as we understand moral absolutes but when we realise that Hansen is actually the worse of the two then any pleasant feelings are destroyed. We are left to examine our own prejudices. Hansen is not the pleasant character that we first believe. After he shoots Peter, in which initially appears to a terrible misjudgement we are then forced to look at his other actions. He didn’t stop Ryan when he was hurting Christine. He didn’t report Ryan for it. He didn’t stand up for other officers when Ryan was racially abusing them behind their backs. Hansen didn’t do anything to really help anyone else – he only asked for a transfer because he didn’t want to work with Ryan. And in the end he was so quick to suspect Peter that he shot him. When all Peter was going to do was show him his St Christopher. Because Hansen is at first viewing a ‘nice’ character when he actually does something terrible the audience has to re-evaluate what ‘nice’ means and to realise that prejudices are not just on the surface of people – some can hide it better than others. It is not pleasant to have to examine our own positio ning and think about whether we would be any stronger than Hansen: especially when we realise the answer is no. On the other hand if I film is all about confrontation then the danger is that any message will get lost. People tire quickly of being preached at and many look at films as a way to escape for a bit. â€Å"Crash† has characters that we do like and want to succeed in order to keep us interested and happy. The relationship between Daniel and his daughter is very pleasing because it is clear that he loves her so much. We all want to be loved unconditionally and yearn for the affection that is so clear between them. This relationship takes what could otherwise be a bleak movie and gives it more of a feelgood factor. Daniel is the one character that most people like all along. While he appears to be a gangster in the beginning it is extremely quickly established that he is not. We can also feel proud of ourselves as an audience for liking him as he is definitely costumed in a way that is threatening to most people. Daniel wears baggy jeans, hoodies and has visible tattoos that most people would assume to be gang tattoos. He looks like a hood. Jean Cabot treats him like a hood after he changes the locks on her doors. She is a rich snob who judges everyone to be lesser than her and within his hearing she says â€Å"your amigo in there is going to sell our keys to one of his homeys† to her husband. Her prejudices are showing but because it is immediately made clear that she misjudges him, we as the audience feel proud that we can see through the costuming. Daniel has moved his daughter away from an area where there are gangs in order to give her the best life possible. When she is still scare d that bullets may get her he tells her about his invisible cloak that will protect her from all harm. He ceremonially takes the invisible cloak off himself puts the cloak on her and tells her that she is now protected. The cloak is a symbol of not just how much he loves her but that he is wrapping her in the love that they share. It holds them together and makes us feel secure and warm ourselves. The only time his warm relationship and our pleased reaction to it is tested is when Farhad goes to shoot Daniel but because his daughter believes she is invulnerable she throws herself in front of her father to protect him. But again we are left feeling pleased because there is no injury to either of them. This reinforces our faith in the idea that harm shouldn’t come to good people. Even though his life is hard the love he has for his daughter and the fact they magically don’t get shot and killed is like the spoonful of sugar that makes the other home truths more palatable. While movies should not focus merely on pleasing their audience it is true that if a film is in no way pleasing then people will not watch it. Our own lives have enough darkness in them that we need some relief along the way and films should be uplifting in some way. But the flip side is also true. There are films purely for mindless entertainment and they certainly have their place in our world, but film is a medium that can reach so many and show us so much. It is a very powerful medium that combines the pictures meaning more than a thousand words and the dialogue and expression that also takes place in real life. I believe that films should have a meaning and a message if we want to progress as a society and any storylines or characters that are pleasing are only there to make the message more palatable.

Comparative Analysis of Global Consumers (Italy) Essay

Comparative Analysis of Global Consumers (Italy) - Essay Example Today, the USA and Italy are working together on major economic issues. Both countries are the member of G-8. Italy, having a large population and high per capita income is the United States 10th biggest trading partner, with a joint trade of $42.5 billion, with exports to Italy totaling $11.5 and imports from Italy totaling to $31.0 Billion. The US also had a $19.5 Billion shortage with Italy in 2005 which rose up from 17.4 billion in 2004. Major transformations can be seen in this trade nowadays. Products such as, office machinery and aircraft are becoming important US exports to Italy. The US's foreign investment in Italy was $33.3 billion at the end of the year 2004. Two hard years, distinct by a financial slump in Europe and a damaging Euro/ Dollar exchange rate. In 2003, there were the first signs of recovery, which were later confirmed in the year 2004, and it became a solid movement in the early 2005. Once the slump was over the Italian machine tool industry started to run smoothly confirming the positive trends. This was an important sign; first being because of the trend in the machine tool sector, which was a good sign in the interest of the industry as a whole in the new investment sector. This indicator measures business brightness, the development objectives measured are achievable and the motivation to assemble the financial resources by increasing the risk capital. Another reason is the nature of this sector. With a â‚ ¬4 billion turnover and over more than 35000 jobs, this industry is one of the most important in the world along with the United States, Taiwan, Japan and Germany. The major reason of it is because of its size and the percentage of the products exported.

Politics is all about gaining and maintaining power. Do you agree Be Essay

Politics is all about gaining and maintaining power. Do you agree Be sure to provide examples and discuss alternative views - Essay Example This allows the leaders to exercise administrative control of some or all communal resources, together with labor and capital. Maintaining political power has been a reality in many organizations, and while this practice might superficially come out to be wasted time, it is essential in securing resources, development of ideas, achievement of individual goals, and frequently improving one’s status. It is immature to look forward to being able to be detached from managerial politics, since it is the offspring of maintaining political power. Someone might gain respect for doing so, but the development would be limited and regarded as an uncomplicated target. A ruler like Machiavelli practiced politics in such a way that he had to maintain his prowess. Those who yearn for power in any state of affairs may ape his strategies for unyielding aid. In his own words he used to say that a leader "...must stick to the good so long as he can, but, being compelled be necessity, he must be ready to take the way of the evil."(Machiavelli, 63). My objective in this essay is to explore the notion that politics is ent irely about gaining and maintaining power, and by citing potential examples, this would come out clearly. Power can be classified into three forms. Coercive Power: this involves forcing somebody to act in accordance with ones wish. A prison would be a case in point of a coercive organization. Utilitarian Power: this is the power based on a scheme of rewards or penalties. Businesses, which pay increments, promotions, or threats of removal from office, are practically, utilitarian organizations. Normative Power: this is power which rests on the values of the members, and that the organization has a right to manage their actions. A religious organization would be an illustration of a utilitarian organization. Ways in which political enthusiasts acquire possession of such power. At the national level, political authority for political power is seized by the

Sources of noise in transistor

Sources of noise in transistor SOURCE OF NOISE IN TRANSISTOR FOR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION Abstract- Here in this term paper, I am going to discuss the history of the transistors, its importance and its limitations. The term paper is on the sources of noise in transistors for different configurations. HISTORY A replica of the first working transistor. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. On 17 November 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, at ATT Bell Labs, observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. William Shockley saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors and is considered by many to be the father of the transistor. The term was coined by John R. Pierce. IMPORTANCE The transistor is considered by many to be the greatest invention of the twentieth-century, or as one of the greatest. It is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a highly automated process (fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually-packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors produced are in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips) along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year [2002] for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth. The transistors low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.[1] USAGE The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the first transistor invented, and through the 1970s, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters, motor drivers, etc. BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. How a transistor works Amplifier circuit, standard common-emitter configuration. Simple circuit using a transistor. Operation graph of a transistor The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; this is called an amplifier. Or, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit like an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements. The two types of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labelled base, collector and emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The size of this voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power applications such as logic gates. It can be seen from the graph that once the base voltage reaches a certain level, shown at B, the current will no longer increase with increasing VBE and the output will be held at a fixed voltage.[dubious discuss] The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only on and off values are relevant. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER The above common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor and the transistors current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. It is important that the operating parameters of the transistor are chosen and the circuit designed such that as far as possible the transistor operates within a linear portion of the graph, such as that shown between A and B, otherwise the output signal will suffer distortion. Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive. Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and vacuum tubes in the same circuit, as some believe tubes have a distinctive sound.Prior to the development of transistors, vacuum (electron) tubes (or in the UK thermionic valves or just valves) were the main active components in electronic equipment. ADVANTAGES The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are: I. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. II. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. III. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. IV. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. V. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. VI. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. VII. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices produced more than 30 years ago are still in service. VIII. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes. IX. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications. [2] LIMITATIONS I. Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. II. High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum. III. On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity audio reproduction. IV. Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse, such as generated by a nuclear explosion. V. Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc. VI. Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, other types VII. Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) VIII. Maximum power rating: low, medium, high IX. Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for frequency of transition. The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain). X. Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair XI. Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modules XII. Amplification factor hfe (transistor beta) Thus, a particular transistor may be described as: silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base and collector. Two p-n junctions exist inside a BJT: the base/emitter junction and base/collector junction. The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base current. In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is forward biased, and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased base-collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons ent ering the collector can be controlled. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a low-input-impedance device. Also, as the base-emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the base-emitter current and hence the collector-emitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is approximately beta times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors. FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS The field-effect transistor (FET), sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in N-channel FET) or holes (in P-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source inside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description. In FETs, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is increased, the drain-source current (Ids) increases exponentially for Vgs below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (I_{ds} propto (V_{gs}-V_T)^2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the space-charge-limited region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node. For low noise at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous. FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage. Metal-semiconductor FETs (MESFETs) are JFETs in which the reverse biased PN junction is replaced by a metal-semiconductor Schottky-junction. These, and the HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors, or HFETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies; several GHz). Unlike bipolar transistors, FETs do not inherently amplify a photocurrent. Nevertheless, there are ways to use them, especially JFETs, as light-sensitive devices, by exploiting the photocurrents in channel-gate or channel-body junctions. FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can enhance the conduction. For depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can deplete the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode as the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.[3] OTHER TRANSISTORS TYPE I. Point-contact transistor, first type of transistor ever constructed II. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) a. Heterojunction bipolar transistor up to 100s GHz, common in modern ultrafast and RF circuits b. Grown-junction transistor, first type of BJT c. Alloy-junction transistor, improvement of grown-junction transistor i. Micro-alloy transistor (MAT), faster than alloy-junction transistor ii. Micro-alloy diffused transistor (MADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iii. Post-alloy diffused transistor (PADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iv. Schottky transistor v. Surface barrier transistor d. Drift-field transistor e. Avalanche transistor f. Darlington transistors are two BJTs connected together to provide a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors. g. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) use a medium power IGFET, similarly connected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for heavy-duty industrial applications. The Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) 5SNA2400E170100 illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for three-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case measuring 38 by 140 by 190mm and weighing 1.5kg. Each IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes. h. Photo transistor React to light III. Field-effect transistor a. JFET, where the gate is insulated by a reverse-biased PN junction b. MESFET, similar to JFET with a Schottky junction instead of PN one i. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT, HFET, MODFET) c. MOSFET, where the gate is insulated by a thin layer of insulator d. Inverted-T field effect transistor (ITFET) e. FinFET The source/drain region forms fins on the silicon surface. f. FREDFET Fast-Reverse Epitaxial Diode Field-Effect Transistor g. Thin film transistor Used in LCD display. h. OFET Organic Field-Effect Transistor, in which the semiconductor is an organic compound i. Ballistic transistor j. Floating-gate transistor Used for non-volatile storage. k. FETs used to sense environment i. Ion sensitive field effect transistor To measure ion concentrations in solution. ii. EOSFET Electrolyte-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Neurochip) iii. DNAFET Deoxyribonucleic acid field-effect transistor IV. Spacistor V. Diffusion transistor, formed by diffusing dopants into semiconductor substrate; can be both BJT and FET VI. Unijunction transistors can be used as simple pulse generators. They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at each end (terminals Base1 and Base2). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (Emitter). VII. Single-electron transistors (SET) consist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor. VIII. Spin transistor Magnetically-sensitive IX. Nanofluidic transistor Control the movement of ions through sub-microscopic, water-filled channels. Nanofluidic transistor, the basis of future chemical processors X. Multigate devices a. Tetrode transistor b. Pentode transistor c. Multigate device d. Trigate transistors (Prototype by Intel) e. Dual gate FETs have a single channel with two gates in cascode; a configuration that is optimized for high frequency amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators f. Semiconductor material XI. The first BJTs were made from germanium (Ge). Silicon (Si) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the semiconductor alloy silicon germanium (SiGe). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as elemental. Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are given in the table below; it must be noted that these parameters will vary with increase in temperature, electric field, impurity level, strain and various other factors: Semiconductor material characteristics Semiconductormaterial Junction forwardvoltageV @ 25  °C Electron mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Hole mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Max. junction temp. °C Ge 0.27 0.39 0.19 70 to 100 Si 0.71 0.14 0.05 150 to 200 GaAs 1.03 0.85 0.05 150 to 200 Al-Si junction 0.3 — — 150 to 200 The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to drive the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately −2.1 mV/ °C. The density of mobile carriers in the channel of a MOSFET is a function of the electric field forming the channel and of various other phenomena such as the impurity level in the channel. Some impurities, called dopants, are introduced deliberately in making a MOSFET, to control the MOSFET electrical behavior. The electron mobility and hole mobility columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an electric field of 1 volt per meter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide: I. its maximum temperature is limited II. it has relatively high leakage current III. it cannot withstand high voltages IV. it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar NPN transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent PNP transistor type. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12GHz. Max. junction temperature values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged. Al-Si junction refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a Schottky diode. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a parasitic reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process. This diode can be a nuisance, but sometimes it is used in the circuit.[4] Packaging Through-hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimetres) Transistors come in many different packages (chip carriers) (see images). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large transistor arrays). It has solder balls on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating. Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or plastic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to heat sinks for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount microwave transistors are as small as grains of sand. Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistors functions to the terminals is not: different transistor types can assign different functions to the packages terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K)[5]. CONCLUSION A unified noise model which incorporates both the number fluctuation and the correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanism is discussed. The latter is attributed to the Coulombic scattering effect of the fluctuating oxide charge. The model has a functional form resembling that of the number fluctuation theory, but at certain bias conditions it may reduce to a form compatible with Hooges empirical expression. The model can unify the noise data reported in the literature, without making any ad hoc assumption on the noise generation mechanism. Specifically, the model can predict the right magnitude and bias dependence of the empirical Hooge parameter. Simulated noise characteristics obtained with a circuit-simulation-oriented fnoise model based on the new formulation were compared with experimental noise data. Excellent agreement between the calculations and measurement was observed in both the linear and saturation regions for MOS transistors fabricated by different technologies. T he work shows that the flicker noise in MOS transistors can be completely explained by the trap charge fluctuation mechanism, which produces mobile carrier number fluctuation and correlated surface mobility fluctuationIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. REFERENCES- [1]www.ciphersbyritter.com/NOISE/NOISRC.HTM [2]www.nikhef.nl/~jds/vlsi/noise/transistor [3]www.colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/phys3330_fa05/manual/Exp [4]www.imagesensors.org/Past%20Workshops/2003%20Workshop/2003%20Papers/27%20Findlater%20et%20al [5]www.ansoft.com/news/articles/HF0605